Laminated membrane

Newer fabrics, not in common use but in development, test, and field trials, are described for higher temperature applications by Reference [50]. Application to 400°F—2100°F are potentially available using ceramic fibers Nextel 312 , laminated membrane of expanded PTFE on a substrate, polyimid fiber P-84, Ryton polyphenylene sulfide, and woven fiberglass. The heat and acid resistance of these new materials... 

Vesicular type (Fig. 10.5 (b)). A protoscolex swells and becomes vesicular , taking on a cottage-loaf profile. This type becomes rounded, eventually secreting a laminated membrane (313,791) and developing into a miniature hydatid cyst (Fig. 10.5 (e)). The laminated membrane is strongly periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) positive and is composed of a mucopolysaccharide (Chapter 4). The origin of this membrane was previously in doubt, but the fact that it is entirely of parasite origin is demonstrated by the fact that it develops in vitro, even in protoscoleces cultured in a (serum-free) defined medium (313). 

Free posterior bladder (Fig. 10.5(f)). In the horse strain (but not the sheep strain), some posterior bladders may become separated from protoscoleces and form independent bladders. These also develop into miniature cysts and secrete a laminated membrane (706). 

Early workers attempted the cultivation of protoscoleces of E. granulosus (after enzyme treatment) using a variety of media (791). Miniature hydatid cysts with a laminated membrane developed (Fig. 10.5(c)) but brood capsules or protoscoleces were not formed. This was not surprising for in the natural hosts brood capsules with protoscoleces require some 9-12 months to develop. In later experiments, the anlagen of brood capsules appeared in some eight-month cystic cultures (804). 

Heath, D. D. Osborn, P. J. (1976). Formation of Echinococcus granulosus laminated membrane in a defined medium. International Journal for Parasitology, 6 467-71. 

Kilejian, A. Schwabe, C. W. (1971). Studies on the polysaccharides of the Echinococcus granulosus cyst, with observations on a possible mechanism for laminated membrane formation. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 40B 25-36. 

When slip lid containers are used for aqueous creams or ointments with volatile constituents, a glassine or foil laminate membrane is often placed across the rim of the container resting on the product. This serves to reduce losses on storage and in use and the membrane can also carry additional instructions to the customer or patient. Sometimes this membrane is sized to overlap the rim so as to become entrapped on closuring. In this case allowances must be made when specifying tolerances of fit for the container and lid. The slip lid should support the weight of the filled pack when it is lifted by the lid. 

In the laminated membranes, thin palladium (or palladium alloys) layer avoids the formation of oxides on the metallic surfaces resulting in a reduction of the hydrogen adsorption activation energy and, as a consequence, in an increase of the hydrogen permeation flux [55]. 

Having obtained the compliance terms ay, by, and dy, calculate the laminate membrane and bending equivalent elastic constants. 

Obtain the laminate membrane, bending and coupling stiffnesses Ay, By, Dy (see Step 4, 4.10.3). 

Significant progress has been made over the last decade in the manufacturing of thin membranes. The thickness of the thinnest laminated membranes which are commercially available is usually limited to 15 pm. Thinner membranes (1 pm < 5 < 10 pm) can be obtained by sputtering palladium or its alloys over adequate substrates (physical vapor... 

Ergodyne announced a partnership with OutDry , provider of a revolutionary laminate membrane technology, and the imminent integration of the technology into Ergodyne s ProFlex hand protection line. OutDry s patented lamination process bonds a water-proof/breathable membrane directly to the external layer of the product — resulting, in this case, in a perfectly sealed, waterproof glove. 

To further increase the oxygen flux density of 7O2, laminated membrane stmctures were examined. From our previous work, it is found that higher 7O2 can be obtained with the use of CoFe204 (CFO) instead of MFO as an electronic conductive phase however, ceria-based composites with CFO are not chemically stable enough under a methane conversion atmosphere. Based on these observations, laminated membrane stmctures, in which CSO—30CFO layers were laminated on CSO—15MFO layers, were fabricated (Takamura et al., 2006). Prior to the lamination process. 

Figure 17.9 The oxygen flux density of laminated membranes as a function of the number of CSO—30CFO layers.

By producing simple laminated membrane structiu-es (Figure 2) containing the ICP, force generation occurs upon oxidation/reduction of the active polymers, and movement follows. A number of detailed studies on the effect of polymer composition, supporting electrolyte and rate of stimulation on the forces generated,... 

The following quantities are known from the gas permeation experiments with silicone rubber film, porous polyethersulfone substrate membrane, and silicone rubber/polyethersulfone laminated membrane ... 

Equations 5.334 and 5.335 are applicable, on the other hand, for the laminated membrane. Inserting all the numerical values,... 

The cross section of a flat laminated membrane consisting of an Ni sheet covered over its surfaces by two Pd-Ag foils of thickness 28 pm is shown in the microphotography image of Figure 13.28. 

Another laminated membrane prepared by covering an Nb sheet (1 nun) with two Pd-Ag foils (25 pm) has been cold-roUed to obtain a composite membrane of overall thickness 128 pm, with about 122 pm of Nb bulk with two very thin Pd-Ag layers of 3 pm. Permeator tube produced with this laminated membrane was tested with hydrogen at 180°C and 200 kPa and exhibited very poor durability. Embrittlanent due to the high hydrogen uploading produced a quick failure of this membrane, as shown in Figure 13.30. 

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