Lactases

Digestion of lactose is facilitated by the p glycosidase lactase A deficiency of this enzyme makes it difficult to digest lactose and causes abdominal discomfort Lactose intolerance is a genetic trait it is treatable through over the counter formulations of lac tase and by limiting the amount of milk m the diet... 

Diarrhea is a common problem that is usually self-limiting and of short duration. Increased accumulations of small intestinal and colonic contents are known to be responsible for producing diarrhea. The former may be caused by increased intestinal secretion which may be enterotoxin-induced, eg, cholera and E. col] or hormone and dmg-induced, eg, caffeine, prostaglandins, and laxatives decreased intestinal absorption because of decreased mucosal surface area, mucosal disease, eg, tropical spme, or osmotic deficiency, eg, disaccharidase or lactase deficiency and rapid transit of contents. An increased accumulation of colonic content may be linked to increased colonic secretion owing to hydroxy fatty acid or bile acids, and exudation, eg, inflammatory bowel disease or amebiasis decreased colonic absorption caused by decreased surface area, mucosal disease, and osmotic factors and rapid transit, eg, irritable bowel syndrome. 

Lactase (P-galactosidase) is produced commercially from the lactose fermenting Klujveromjcesfragilis. The enzyme has a pH optimum of 6—7 and is used ia the hydrolysis of lactose ia milk or skim milk. 

A much more common metabolic disorder, lactose intolerance, occurs commonly in most parts of the world (notable exceptions being some parts of Africa and northern Europe). Lactose intolerance is an inability to digest lactose because of the absence of the enzyme lactase in the intestines of adults. The symptoms of this disorder, which include diarrhea and general discomfort, can be relieved by eliminating milk from the diet. 

Lactose Milk. May occur in urine during pregnancy. In lactase deficiency, malabsorption leads to diarrhea and flatulence. 

Hydrolases such as the digestive enzymes amylase and lactase catalyse hydrolysis of glycosides, esters, anhydrides and amides. 

DAY A, CANADA F J, DIAZ J C, KROON P A, MCLAUCHLAN R, FAULDS C B, PLUMB G W, MORGAN M R A and WILLIAMSON G (2000) Dietary flavonoid and isoflavone glycosides are hydrolyzed by the lactase site of lactase phlorizin hydrolase. FEES Lett 468, 166-70. 

Such evidence indicates that it might be unnecessary to reach the same intake of soy products as Japanese or other Asian populations to reach the same plasma levels of isoflavones. The rationale for such a difference could be a different bioavailability of the ingested isoflavones. Indeed, in most Asians a deficiency of an intestinal lactase, responsible for P-glucosides hydrolysis, might explain the lower isoflavones concentrations in the blood of the Japanese (Day et ai, 2000). 

Potential enzymes involved in anthocyanin metabolism — The lactase phlorizin hydrolase (LPH EC 3.2.1.108) present only in the small intestine on the outside of the brush border membrane and the cytosolic P-glucosidase (CBG EC 3.2.1.1) found in many tissues, particularly in liver, can catalyze the deglycosylation (or hydrolysis) of polyphenols. LPH may play a major role in polyphenol metabolism... 

Noninfectious causes of acute diarrhea include drugs and toxins (Table 18-3), laxative abuse, food intolerance, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), inflammatory bowel disease, ischemic bowel disease, lactase deficiency, Whipple s disease, pernicious anemia, diabetes mellitus, malabsorption, fecal impaction, diverticulosis, and celiac sprue. 

R. Mahoney, T. Wilder, and B. S. Chang, Substrate-induced thermal stabilization of lactase (Escherichia colt) in milk, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 542, 274 (1988). 

Durch Abbau des Disaccharids mit Ninhydrin, bei dem 3-D-Galakto-pyranosyl-D-arabinose erhalten wurde, bewiesen F. Zilliken, P. N. Smith, R. M. Tomarelli und P. Gyorgy (279) ebenfalls, daB A-Acctyl-lactosamin vorliegt. Auch das A-Acetyl-lactosamin wird, ebenso wie die isomere Lacto-A-biose I, von Lactase nicht angegriffen (250). 

Food intolerance occurs when a food ingredient cannot be metabolised. The commonest food intolerance is lactose intolerance. This occurs when the enzyme lactase is absent. This happens when humans do not consume milk after weaning a state which is the norm in most of Asia. Thus it is possible that the bulk of the world s population is lactose intolerant. 

Some individuals are unable to metabolise lactose and are lactose intolerant. This is because they lack the enzyme lactase that is needed to metabolise lactose. Lactose intolerance is common in those parts of the world where humans do not consume any dairy products after weaning. In practice this means in Asia, which means that most of the world s population might be lactose intolerant. It is possible to produce lactose removed skim milk. Another approach with lactose is to hydrolyse it to its constituent monosaccharides. As well as avoiding lactose intolerance this allows a syrup to be produced from cheese whey. These syrups are offered as an ingredient for toffees and caramels. 

A-Acctylgal actosam i nc-4-su I lactase Trypsin/papain/collagenase Lactase/pepsin/papain/pancrelipase... 

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