Laboratory scale devices

Although multi-junction polymer solar cells are a valid strategy for reaching high PCEs, the increased number of layers that have to be processed on top of eaeh other increases the complexity of the fabrieation process. The first important factor is solvent orthogonality. Each of the layers has to be processed from a solution that will not damage or wash away any of the previously deposited layers. For processing on top of a bulk heterojunction polymer fullerene, only a few solvents can be used in praetiee water, aeetone, and alcohols. Typically, the photoactive layers are hydrophobie and this represents an obstacle to the deposition of materials from aqueous solutions because of poor wettability. Therefore, extra measures have to be taken such 

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Scale-up from Oldershaw Columns One laboratory-scale device that found wide application in efficiency investigations is the Oldershaw column [Fig. 14-44, Oldershaw, Ind. Eng. Chem. Anal. Ed. 13, 265 (1941)]. This column is available from a number of laboratory supply houses and can be constructed from glass for atmospheric operation or from metal for higher pressures. Typical column diameters are 25 to 100 mm (1 to 4 in), with tray spacing the same as the column diameter. 

The experiments were conducted in a laboratory scale device. A schematic view of the high pressure fluidized-bed coating apparatus is shown in Fig. 1. The apparatus consists essentially of three subsections the CO2 supply, the extractor (in which the CO2 becomes saturated with coating) and the high pressure reactor (where the coating takes place). The maximum allowable pressure in the device is 30 MPa at... 

The topic of this book is focused on active masses containing carbon, either as an active mass (e.g., negative mass of lithium-ion battery or electrical double layer capacitors), as an electronically conducting additive, or as an electronically conductive support for catalysts. In some cases, carbon can also be used as a current collector (e.g., Leclanche cell). This chapter presents the basic electrochemical characterization methods, as applicable to carbon-based active materials used in energy storage and laboratory scale devices. 

Major chemical engineering projects involving structures, tray or packed columns, reactors, separators, heat exchangers and heaters, reservoirs and special deposits, fluid pumping as well as compressing devices, frequently involve the use of small scale studies using laboratory scale devices. According to the context. 

Questions are sometimes raised about the potential harmful effects of ultrasound produced by laboratory-scale devices. Available data indicates that airborne ultrasonic fields do not appear to be hazardous to humans. There are, in fact, no known physiological effects from airborne ultrasound. Ultrasonic sickness appears to be largely psychosomatic. 

The purpose of the drop-tube furnace was to simulate utility boiler combustion and ash forming and deposit conditions, in a laboratory-scale device. In particular, the furnace was used to... 

Several laboratory scale devices which include internal elements to enhance mass transfer rates have appeared. These include draft-tubes, multiple sieve plates staged along the length of the column, and static mixing elements. 

Bioreactor Apparatus for growing microbial, plant, or animal cells, with a practical purpose under controlled conditions these closed systems range from small (5- to 10-milliliter), laboratory-scale devices to larger, industrial-scale devices of more than 500,000 liters. 

Evaluation methods Except for the pilot plant batch or counter-current extraction described by various laboratories, most of the solvent extraction evaluation work found in the literature was done in one or several of the laboratory scale devices. The percolation batch-extraction apparatus of the Soxhlet type has often been used to evaluate the... 

The first generation was based upon thick Si-wafers, which could be etched, texturing the surface and enhancing absorption of photons. Efficiency of the laboratory-scale devices approached the theoretical limit for single junction PV of 31%. 

Even with a laboratory scale device of rather low capacity, it is possible to reach polymer throughputs on the order of 10-100 gh It is obvious that modifications, such as the use of more spinning nozzles, a suitable mixing vessel, and a centrifugal separator to detach sol and gel, make virtually any size of fractions accessible. 

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