Internal element

Fluid motors are usually classified according to the type of internal element which is directly actuated by the pressurized flow. The most common types of elements are gears, vanes and pistons. All three of these types are... 

Volume has been the most significant limitation on the size and construction of microreference electrodes, a limitation that complements the small size of the microfabricated ion sensors (Section 6.23.2). There have been many attempts to prepare a liquid junction free microreference electrode that would be comparable in size with the integrated ion sensors, such as ion-sensitive field-effect transistors (Section 6.23.2). These attempts have followed broadly three tines of reasoning scaling down of a macroscopic reference electrode (Comte and Janata, 1978 Smith and Scott, 1986), elimination of the reference solution compartment while preserving the internal element structure (e.g., Ag/AgCl), and utilization of inert materials such as polyfluorinated hydrocarbons and the tike, particularly in the so-called reference FET configuration. 

It is important to note that if the detected species is hydrogen ion, then all aci-dobasic species are mutually interfering. Improved selectivity can be obtained by the judicial choice of the internal potentiometric element and to some extent by the selective permeability of the hydrophobic membrane. Thus, for example, for selective detection of HCN (pKa = 3.32) the internal element should be a potentiometric sensor selective to CN and the pH of the internal electrolyte should be at least two pH units above the pKa value (e.g., pH >5.5). In that case, practically all HCN is dissociated. 

One of the safest heaters available is the type that has an internal reservoir of oil heated with an internal element. Nothing is exposed. The heat is radiated as the oil heats up. The oil heaters are safest for night use. 

Separates, based on particle size, the internal elements of the citrus. Collects juice and juice sacs. 

Even a fourth variant is feasible, namely the submission of meso-compounds -these contain stereogenic centers but feature internal elements of symmetry and, hence, are achiral - to a desymmetrization, which in principle generates only one stereoisomer. The classical case is the hydrolysis of a diester to form a half-acid/es-ter as a single antipode. Generation of both optical isomers of synthetically useful 1,2-diol products in good yield and stereoisomeric purity applying this methodology has recently been demonstrated (see Fig. 2.11) [65]. 

Opdycke, W. N., Parks, S. J., and Meyerhoff, M. E., Polymeric pH electrodes as internal elements for potentfometric gas sensing systems. Ann/. Chim. Acta 155, 11-20... 

The main complication in the standards approach for pXRF analysis is that trace element standards that are homogeneous at the micrometer scale are uncommon. For this reason, the internal element reference approach has become more widely utilized. In this method, the concentration of one of the abundant elements in the XRF spectrum is determined independently, e.g., by stoichiometry or electron microprobe, and the sensitivity for this element can be computed directly. The sensitivities for all other elements are then computed theoretically relative to this internal reference. Again, we find the NRLXRF program useful for this purpose after making a few modifications, to include detector filtering, for example. The input parameters for this type of computation are ... 

Several laboratory scale devices which include internal elements to enhance mass transfer rates have appeared. These include draft-tubes, multiple sieve plates staged along the length of the column, and static mixing elements. 

The internsd elements of cost details making up the estimate are primarily obtained from the accounting department. Cost accounting is the function that collects actual cost data on the various internal elements needed to develop the estimate. Listed below are the primary elements of a cost estimate and a brief description of each. 

External shell knockers are often used for removing solids sticking on flights and walls. In case of large cross section, internal elements or partitions can be used to increase the effectiveness of material distribution and reduce dusting. 

The residence time of particles may be changed and regulated within very wide limits, for example, by changing bed height or the use of suitable internal elements, such as partitions or draft tubes. 

Fig. 4.6 Diagrammatic view of continuous column. AH the internal elements of both structured and random packing are included though it would be very unusual for both to be present in a single column.

There is still an international element to the plot, and still concern about Japan s war past, but Bond is more domesticated in his Kitami incarnation. He might as well be an agent of the Japanese secret police. 

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