Laser krypton

Krypton lasers are also ionized gas lasers and are very similar in general characteristics to argon lasers (27). Krypton lasers having total multiline output up to 16 W are available commercially. The strongest line at 0.6471 p.m is notable because it is in the red portion of the spectmm, and thus makes the krypton laser useful for appHcations such as display and entertainment. 

Zhang, G. Q., Krypton Laser Induced CVD of Tungsten, /. Appl. 

Krypton fluorocationic salts, 17 333 Krypton lasers, 14 684. See also KrF laser in laser light shows, 14 688 Krypton-xenon, purification and separation of, 17 361-362 Krypton-xenon column, 17 359, 360 Kubelka-Munk equation, 7 317-318 14 231 23 127... 

The main differences when compared to conventional fluorescence microscopes are based on several entities. A laser beam - usually an argon-krypton laser-is used for the illumination of the sample. The focused illuminating beam scans across the specimen by means of rotating mirrors, followed by a point-by-point signal collection which results in a raster sweep of the specimen at one particular focal plane. This is indicated by the term laser scanning. ... 

Application of continuous anti-Stokes excitation makes it possible to record the emission from the S2 state when the PF S2 > Sq is absent ( ). Prompt S2 > Sq fluorescence has been measured at direct Sq > 2 excitation (krypton laser ... 

The quantum efficiencies shown in Fig. 27 have been determined with the 568.2 nm beam of a Krypton laser (compare Fig. 25) attenuated to 3 1014 photons/ cm2 s. The field dependence has been measured 4 minutes after contact formation between the dye solution and the virgin crystal surface when the dye adsorption has attained virtually its equilibrium value. The estimate for the dye coverage 6 = 0.4 indicated at the ordinate of Fig. 27 will be explained below. We have added 10-2 N Fe(CN)e to a solution of 10-6 M rhodamine at pH 7 for regeneration of the dye in a 1 electron step as has been formulated in Section 3 above. 

Baker, H. Getting to the Heart of the Matter (Krypton Laser), Advanced Materials and Processes, 8 (September 1989). 

The 4Ii3/2 - 4Iis/2 infrared emission band of Er3+ ions in fluorozirconate glass is displayed in Fig. 11. The band maximum is located at 1.53 /an and the width at half-maximum is as broad as 60 nm, which favors the use of this transition for optical amplification in the third telecommunication window. In bulk geometry, 1.6 jtm CW-laser action is reported for a Cr, Yb, Er-codoped fluoroaluminate glass slab pumped by a krypton laser [114],... 

By optical excitation with argon and krypton laser lines, continuous laser oscillation on A -> X and B -> X transitions of Li Na2 and K molecules can be achieved dimer lasers show such interesting features as multiline emission, extremely low threshold pump intensities and forward-backward amplification asymmetry. Basic principles, operating conditions and applications of these lasers will be discussed. The dimer lasers operate between bound electronic states, resulting in the emission of discrete lines. To achieve tunable laser oscillation, continuous emission bands from bound-free transitions have to be considered. Some possibilities for alkali dimers are outlined and recent spectroscopic investigations on UV excited diffuse bands are reported. 

Raman spectra were obtained using a Spex lAOl double monochromator and a detection system which utilized photon counting, in combination with a 6A7.1 nm laser exciting line from a krypton laser. The Spectrometer was coupled to an on-line computer which allowed the data to be collected, stored, corrected for phototube sensitivity, normalized and plotted. Powdered samples were loaded into 1 mm o.d. quartz X-ray capillaries in the Drilab, sealed temporarily with a plug of Kel-F grease, and the tube drawn down in a small flame outside the drybox. 

Pollack, A., Korte, G. E., Heriot, W. J., and Henkind, P., Ultrastructure of Bruch s membrane after krypton laser photocoagulation. II. Repair of Bruch s membrane and the role of macrophages, Arch. Ophthalmol., 104, 1377, 1916. 

Visible lasers operating at much lower input power than the earlier gas lasers the most important of these is the He-Ne laser (632.8nm), while argon ion (488.0 and 514.5run) and krypton lasers (647.1, 568.2 and 530.9nm) are also useful for Raman spectroscopy. 

FIGURE 5.10 Raman spectra of W(CO)3[P(C6Hn)3]2(H2) and D2 analogue. Samples were powdered complex sealed in melting point capillaries using the 6471 A line of a Spectra Physics krypton laser and a SPEX double monochromator. Despite the use of low power (ca. 1 mW) and cooling of the sample to 77 K, partial decomposition slowly took place when the sample was illuminated by the laser beam during the course of the experiments. 

Macular Photocoagulation Study Group. Persistent and recurrent neovascularization after krypton laser photocoagulation for neovascular lesions of age-related macular degeneration. Arch Ophthalmol 1990 108(6) 825-831. 

Macular Photocoagulation Study Group. The influence of treatment extent on the visual acuity of eyes treated with Krypton laser for juxtafoveal choroidal neovascularization. Arch Ophthalmol 1995 113 190-194. 

A source of high intensity, coherent illumination that can be focused to a small beam diameter (approximately 1pm) to excite a wide variety of fluorescent probes. Most analytical systems employ an Argon or Krypton laser to provide illumination between 360nm and 600nm. 

An argon-krypton laser with A = 488.0 nm is used to observe the Raman spectrum of benzene. Two of the thirty normal modes of vibration for benzene have the frequencies, Vi/cm = 3062 and V2/cm = 992 At what wavelengths will the Raman lines for these vibrations be observed ... 

Images were taken with a confocal laser scanning microscope (Tme Confocal Scanner 4D, Leica, Heidelbeig, Germany) equipped with an aigon-krypton laser and coupled to a Leitz DM IRB inverted microscope (Leica).Excitation was at 488 nm, and emission was band-pass filtered at 515nm. 

A particularly efficient cw vibronic laser is the emerald laser (BeaAliSiaOigtCr " ). When pumped by a 3.6-W krypton laser at Xp = 641 nm, it reaches an output power of up to 1.6 W and can be tuned between 720 and 842nm [5.131]. The slope efficiency dPout/dPin reaches 64% The erbium YAG laser, tunable around X = 2.8 p.m, has found a wide application range in medical physics. 

Figure 5.92 illustrates three possible resonator configurations. The pump beam from an argon or krypton laser enters the resonator either collinearly through the semitransparent mirror Ml and is focused by LI into the dye (Fig. 5.92a), or the pump beam and dye laser beam are separated by a prism (Fig. 5.92b). In both arrangements the dye laser wavelength can be tuned by tilting the flat end mirror M2. In another commonly used arrangement (Fig. 5.92c), the pump beam is focused by the spherical mirror Mp and crosses the dye medium under a small angle against the resonator axis.

The Pavilion was an impressive technical feat. Designed to embody choice, responsibility, freedom, and participation, it had no set path for visitors and no crowd control such that visitors could stay for hours or stroll through in a few minutes. E.A.T. planned a rotating crew of artists who would direct the environment in accord with their individual vision. Outside, the artist Fujiko Nakaya and the cloud physicist Thomas R. Mee cloaked the structure in a natural fog. Inside, E.A.T. assembled an inflated spherical Mylar mirror and built an audiovisual system with a krypton laser. The final cost was over a million dollars, twice the agreed-upon budget. 

In case of multiline lasers (e.g., argon or krypton lasers), line selection and mode selection can be simultaneously achieved by a combination of prism and Michelson interferometers. Figure 5.41 illustrates two possible realizations. The first replaces mirror M2 in Fig. 5.39 by a Littrow prism reflector (Fig. 5.41a). In Fig. 5.41b, the front surface of the prism acts as beam splitter, and the two coated back surfaces replace the mirrors M2 and M3 in Fig. 5.39. The incident wave is split into the... 

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