Kidneys drugs effect

A cumulative drug effect may be seen in those with liver or kidney disease because these organs are the major sites for file breakdown and excretion of most... 

Flutamide is an androgen receptor antagonist that achieves peak concentrations approximately 2 to 4 hours after an oral dose. Flutamide is metabolized extensively, with a terminal half-life of about 8 hours. Bicalutamide achieves peak concentrations approximately 6 hours after the dose, with a terminal half-life of 6 to 10 days. Bicalutamide undergoes stereospecihc metabolism, where the S-enantiomer is cleared more rapidly by the liver than the -enantiomer. Nilutamide achieves peak serum concentrations between 1 to 4 hours after an oral dose and has a terminal half-life of 38 to 60 hours. Nilutamide is metabolized extensively, with less than 2% excreted as unchanged drug by the kidney. Side effects common to these agents are hot flashes, gynecomastia, and decreased libido. Flutamide tends to be associated with more diarrhea and requires three-times-daily administration, whereas bicalutamide is dosed once daily. Nilutamide may cause interstitial pneumonia and is associated with the visual disturbance of delayed adaptation to darkness. 

Numerous reports of prodrugs in the literature show improved drug effects. Prodrugs that have shown some measure of success for site-specific delivery include L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-dopa) to the brain [56], dipivaloyl derivative of epinephrine to the eye [57], /-glutamyl-L-dopa to the kidney [58], fi-n-glucoside dexamethasone and prednisolone derivatives to the colon [59], thiamine-tetrahydrofuryldisulfide to red blood cells, and various amino acid derivatives of antitumor agents such as daunorubicin [61,62], acivicin [63], doxorubicin [63], and phenylenediamine [63] to tumor cells. 

The renal toxicity of ciclosporin has been described as being an adverse effect of the drug on the compensatory mechanisms of the kidney, without effects on proximal tubular function (urea and sodium reabsorption) (91). A rise in serum creatinine concentration may be adequate to identify acute-onset ciclosporin nephrotoxicity, but it is not suitable for identification of chronic, late-onset ciclosporin nephrotoxicity (92). 

Prescott LF. Analgesic nephropathy a reassessment of the role of phenacetin and other analgesics. Drugs 1982 23 75-149. Kincaid-Smith P. Effects of non-narcotic analgesics on the kidney. Drugs 1986 42(4) 109-128. 

Whelton A, Hamilton CW, Whelton A, Hamilton ON. Nonsteroidal antl-Inflammatory drugs effects on kidney function. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 1991 31 588-598. 

Epinephrine is well absorbed after oral administration but is rapidly inactivated in the gut mucosa. When intravenously injected or infused, the onset of drug effect is rapid (within 5 min for dopamine and 3-10 min for epinephrine) and the duration of drug effect is short (10 min for dopamine, 1 or 2 min for norepinephrine, and 15 min to hours for epinephrine depending on route of administration). Exogenous catecholamine in the circulation is rapidly and efficiently taken up by adrenergic neurons. Catecholamine is metabolized by monoamine oxidase, which is localized largely in the outer membrane of neuronal mitochondria, and by catechol-0-methyl transferase, which is found in the cytoplasm of most animal tissues, particularly the kidneys and the liver. 

Kincaid-Smith P. Effects of non-narcotic analgesics on the kidney. Drugs 1986 42(4) 109-128. 

Whelton A. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs effects on kidn function. In Primer On Kidney Diseases. Greenberg A (editor). Academic Press, San Diego 1994 p 163-167. 

Hawkins JM, Jones WE, Bonner FW, Gibson GG (1987) The effect of peroxisome proliferators on microsomal, peroxisomal, and mitochondrial enzyme activities in the liver and kidney. Drug Metab Rev 18 441-515... 

Poloyac SM, Tortorici MA, Przychodzin DI, Reynolds RB, Xie W, Frye RF, Zemaitis MA (20(M) The effect of isoniazid on CYP2E1- and CYP4A-mediat-ed hydroxylation of arachidonic acid in the rat liver and kidney. Drug Metab Dispos 32 727-733... 

Fitha, J. Polymeric drugs effects of polyvinyl analogs of nucleic acids on cells, animals and their viral infections, in Biomedical and Dental Applications of Polymers, (eds.) Gebelein, C. G., Koblitz, F. K., p. 203, New York, Plenum 1981 Maack, T. et sd. Kidney Int. 16, 251 (1979)... 

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