Kidney disturbances

Ci Shi is a heavy and solid mineral. It is pungent, salty and cold, and is the strongest of the three in sedating the Heart-shen. Since it enters the Liver and Kidney meridians, it is more suitable for treating Heart-shen disturbance caused by Liver and Kidney disturbance. This manifests as palpitations, restlessness with fear, dream-disturbed sleep and easily waking up in the night. There may be a wiry and restless pulse, particularly in the second position on the left side. Ci Shi is also able to stabilize the Kidney-Qi and Kidney-essence, and descend the Liver-Yang. 

A great number of species from the Phyllanthus (Euphorbiaceae) genus are widely used in folk medicine to treat hepatitis and other kidney disturbances [97]. In Brazil, Phyllanthus species are widely used to treat... 

CHRONIC HEALTH RISKS chronic cough pain in the back gradual emaciation skin lesions development of slow-healing ulcers bluish skin brittle and yellow nails dermatitis possible gangrene of the fingers kidney disturbances removal of calcium in the blood obstruction of renal tubules ulceration of the mucous membranes of the nose and throat nervous system complaints gastrointestinal disturbances. 

It should be kept in mind that toxemia data can be used for comparison with data on atherosclerosis only in those cases where kidney disturbances are not serious enough to alter the original pathological relations in the blood and the urinary excretion pattern. This means that data on severe cases of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia often cannot be used. But as termi-... 

Effects of repeated ethylene glycol peroral overexposure in treated rats and mice can result in kidney, Hver, and nervous system damage. The most sensitive indicators of ethylene glycol toxicity are disturbances in acid—base balance and nephrotoxic (kidney) effects. Effects of repeated chronic peroral overexposure of diethylene glycol in treated rats result in kidney and Hver damage (48). 

Subchronic Studies. Although short-term repeated exposure studies provide valuable information about toxicity over this time span, they may not be relevant for assessment of ha2ard over a longer time period. For example, the minimum and no-effects levels determined by short-term exposure may be significantly lower if exposure to the test material is extended over several months. Also, certain toxic effects may have a latency which does not allow their expression or detection over a short-term repeated-exposure period for example, kidney dysfunction or disturbances of the blood-forming tissues may not become apparent until subchronic exposure studies are undertaken. 

Oedema refers to an accumulation of interstitial fluid to a point where it is palpable or visible. In general this point is reached with a fluid volume of 2-3 liters. Oedema formation is the result of a shift of fluid into the interstitial space due to primary disturbances in the hydraulic forces governing transcapillary fluid transport and of subsequent excessive fluid reabsorption by the kidneys. Deranged capillary hydraulic pressures initiate oedema formation in congestive heart failure, and liver cirrhosis whereas a deranged plasma oncotic pressure... 

Pyridine may cause central nervous system depression, irritation of skin and respiratory tract Large doses may produce gastro-intestinal disturbances, kidney and liver damage (Refs 3 4)... 

A diuretic is a drug that increases die secretion of urine (ie, water, electrolytes, and waste products) by die kidneys. Many conditions or diseases, such as heart failure, endocrine disturbances, and kidney and liver diseases can cause retention of excess fluid (edema). When die patient shows signs of excess fluid retention, die primary healdi care provider may order a diuretic. There are various types of diuretic drugs, and the primary healdi care provider selects the one that best suits die patient s needs and effectively reduces the amount of excess fluid in body tissues. 

Mechanistic studies have shown that TBT and certain other forms of trialkyltin have two distinct modes of toxic action in vertebrates. On the one hand they act as inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria (Aldridge and Street 1964). Inhibition is associated with repression of ATP synthesis, disturbance of ion transport across the mitochondrial membrane, and swelling of the membrane. Oxidative phosphorylation is a vital process in animals and plants, and so trialkyltin compounds act as wide-ranging biocides. Another mode of action involves the inhibition of forms of cytochrome P450, which was referred to earlier in connection with metabolism. This has been demonstrated in mammals, aquatic invertebrates and fish (Morcillo et al. 2004, Oberdorster 2002). TBTO has been shown to inhibit P450 activity in cells from various tissues of mammals, including liver, kidney, and small intestine mucosa, both in vivo and in vitro (Rosenberg and Drummond 1983, Environmental Health Criteria 116). 

Flutamide is an androgen receptor antagonist that achieves peak concentrations approximately 2 to 4 hours after an oral dose. Flutamide is metabolized extensively, with a terminal half-life of about 8 hours. Bicalutamide achieves peak concentrations approximately 6 hours after the dose, with a terminal half-life of 6 to 10 days. Bicalutamide undergoes stereospecihc metabolism, where the S-enantiomer is cleared more rapidly by the liver than the -enantiomer. Nilutamide achieves peak serum concentrations between 1 to 4 hours after an oral dose and has a terminal half-life of 38 to 60 hours. Nilutamide is metabolized extensively, with less than 2% excreted as unchanged drug by the kidney. Side effects common to these agents are hot flashes, gynecomastia, and decreased libido. Flutamide tends to be associated with more diarrhea and requires three-times-daily administration, whereas bicalutamide is dosed once daily. Nilutamide may cause interstitial pneumonia and is associated with the visual disturbance of delayed adaptation to darkness. 

The weight-loss effects of chromium have not been proven. Chromium may be unsafe in high doses, especially when combined with picolinate. Specifically, chromium picolinate may cause headaches and mood disturbances. High doses may lead to blood and disorders of the liver and kidney, and may increase the risk of cancer. 

O. mykiss 1400-2800 After 96 h, reduced motility, balance disturbances, darkening of the body surface kidney histopathology 17... 

Anemia of chronic disease is a hypoproliferative anemia associated with chronic infectious or inflammatory processes, tissue injury, or conditions that release proinflammatory cytokines. The pathogenesis is based on shortened RBC survival, impaired marrow response, and disturbance of iron metabolism. For information on anemia of chronic kidney disease, see Chap. 76. 

Lead (soft, Pb2+) Injuries to peripheral nervous system, disturbs heme synthesis and affects kidneys Pb2+ may replace Ca2+ with loss of functional and structural integrity. Reacts with sulfhydryl groups, replaces Zn2+ in 8-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase. 

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