Benzoic acid, from toluene

Flynn and Treybal [Am. Inst. Chem. Eng. J., I,. 324 (1955)]. Continuous extraction of benzoic acid from toluene and kerosine into water baffled vessels, turbine agitators. Stage efficiency is correlated with agitator energy per unit of liquid treated. 

The observed rates of transfer are lower than those calculated by the correlation of Eq. 26 for organic molecules which themselves are surface-active, without specifically added long-chain molecules thus in the transference of (C4H9)4NI from water to nitrobenzene, of benzoic acid from toluene to water and the reverse, of diethylamine between butyl acetate and water, of n-butanol from water to benzene, and of propionic acid between toluene and water, the rates (44, 4 ) are of the order one-quarter to one-half those calculated by Eqs. (25) and (26). Since with these systems the solute itself is interfacially active, and therefore its monolayers should reduce the transfer of momentum, we interpret these findings as indicative that Ri and R2 are increased in this way. This is... 

Kennedy and Stock reported the first use of Oxone for many common oxidation reactions such as formation of benzoic acid from toluene and of benzaldehyde, of ben-zophenone from diphenyhnethane, of frawi-cyclohexanediol Ifom cyclohexene, of acetone from 2-propanol, of hydroquinone from phenol, of e-caprolactone from cyclohexanone, of pyrocatechol from salicylaldehyde, of p-dinitrosobenzene from p-phenylenediamine, of phenylacetic acid from 2-phenethylamine, of dodecylsulfonic acid from dodecyl mercaptan, of diphenyl sulfone from diphenyl sulfide, of triphenylphosphine oxide from triphenylphosphine, of iodoxy benzene from iodobenzene, of benzyl chloride from toluene using NaCl and Oxone and bromination of 2-octene using KBr and Oxone . Thus, they... 

The activity and selectivity of 19 oxides at 400—450°C were investigated by Germain and Laugier [133], The activities are compared with those for the oxidation of toluene in Fig. 8, and show a linear relationship for the major part of the oxides, the toluene oxidation being approximately twice as fast as the benzene oxidation. The only selective catalysts, i.e. those that produce substantial amounts of benzoquinone and maleic anhydride from benzene, and benzaldehyde and benzoic acid from toluene are the oxides of V, Mo and W. Remarkably, these oxides clearly deviate from the average correlation in Fig. 8 and show a much higher tol-uene/benzene activity ratio (about 10/1). The order of activity, maximum yield of maleic aldehyde and initial selectivity with respect to benzoquinone is the same for these oxides V > Mo > W. 

In the separation of benzoic acid from toluene we suggested using NaOH solution. How concentrated a solution would [ be necessary to ensure that the pH was above the pKa of benzoic [ acid (p a 4.2) How would you estimate how much solution to 5 use ... 

Fiq. 10.30. Extraction of benzoic acid from toluene by water in spray towers, toluene dispersed. 

All the available data for the extraction of benzoic acid from toluene in a spray tower are shown in Fig. 10.30, grouped according to the size of the distributor nozzles for the dispersed phase and consequently accord-... 

The extraction of benzoic acid from toluene by water provided the data for Fig. 10.38, representing tests on a variety of packings. These data are correlated in the empirical fashion previously used, which seems to be able to handle large variations in flow rates for either phase. The standard packings (rings and saddles) give better HTU s than the knit copper cloth. 

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