Kaplan studies

Kaplan studied the X-ray radiolysis of p>oly(a)-chloroolefin sulfone)s and found that the chlorine-containing polymers are less sensitive to radiation than the non-chlorine containing species. He found that dehydrochlorination is a significant reaction in the radiolysis of poly(a>-chloroolefin sulfone)s, but it is not a necessary one in order to lose SO,. 

Apostolalds, G., S. Kaplan, B. J. Garrick, and R. J. Duphily. Data Specialization for Plant Specific Risk Studies. Nuclear Engineering and Design, Vol. 56, 1980. 

Mardyros Kazarians, Raymond F. Boykin, and Stan Kaplan, "Transportation Risk Managenient-A Case Study," paper presented at AlCliE Loss Prevention Symposium, New Orleans, Apr. 6-10, 1986. 

A recent paper by Leffek and Matheson (1971) nicely complements this work, as it describes the results of a careful investigation of the temperature dependence of the kinetic isotope effect in the reaction studied by Kaplan and Thornton (1967). It is found that AAH = 134 + 30 cal mol and dd/S = 0-15 + 0-09 cal mol deg , demonstrating that the isotope effect is primarily due to an enthalpy difference, and providing support for the steric interpretation suggested by Kaplan and Thornton (1967). 

Little study has been undertaken on the photoreactions of hetero-aromatic cations however, the photohydration of the methylpyridinium ion (45) to yield 6-methylazabicyclo[3,l,0]hex-3-en-2-ea o-ol (46) has been reported (Kaplan et al., 1972). 

Sheikh I, Kaplan A Studies of the digestion of bradykinin, Lys-bradykinin, and des-arg-9 bradykinin by angiotensin-converting enzyme. Biochem Phar- 14 macol 1986 35 1951-1956. 

Thompson RE, Mandle R Jr, Kaplan AP Studies of 30 binding of prekallikrein and factor XI to high molecular weight kininogen and its light chain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1979 76 4862-4866. 

The example to be described, admittedly one whose chemistry is difficult, is, nonetheless, typical of the approach. In the case of Icacinaceae, Kaplan et al. (1991) studied the increase in complexity of terpenoid compounds of selected members of the family as a function of where, in the geographic range of the family, the various genera occur. Although the work was set in a taxonomic context—using chemical features to assess the proper placement of the family—our interest lies in the chemical changes that appear to be associated with geography. 

Although the global S cycle has been studied by several investigators (e.g., Holser and Kaplan, 1966 Holland, 1978), hydrothermal S flux has not been considered. Thus, hydrothermal S flux is estimated below. H2S concentration in midoceanic ridge hydrothermal solution is mo.stly in a range of (1-6) mmol/kg H2O (Gamo, 1995). 

Livny, O, I Kaplan, R Reifen, S Polak-Charcon, Z Madar, and B Schwartz. 2003. Oral cancer cells differ from normal oral epithelial cells in tissuelike organization and in response to lycopene treatment An organotypic cell culture study. Nutr Cancer 47(2) 195-209. 

Studies examining the relationship between socioeconomic status and health have also been carried out comparing various US states, e.g. comparing the degree of household income inequality and state-level variation in all-cause and cause-specific mortality. In an independent study, Kaplan et al. (1996a) examined the association between income inequality and state-level and household-level variations in total mortality rates. In all cases, increased steepness of inequality was associated with higher death rates overall. 

George Kaplan has shown that US states with greater inequality have higher rates of violence, more disability, more people without health insurance, less investment in education and literacy, and poorer educational outcomes, all of which he calls structural characteristics. Moreover, the socioenvironmental characters of population areas are importantly related to the mortality rates, independent of the characters of individuals. In addition, personal and socioeconomic risk factors cluster together in areas of low income and high mortality. In a thorough local study of Alameda County, California, Kaplan examined parts of the pathways linking social class and mortality. His basic claim is that health inequality is correlated to social instability, which is in turn correlated to the lack of investment in structural characteristics, such as education, proximity of healthful food outlets, pharmacies, accessibility of transportation, etc. 

Rissanen TH, Voutilainen S, Nyyssonen K, Salonen R, Kaplan GA and Salonen JT. 2003. Serum lycopene concentrations and carotid atherosclerosis The Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study. Am J Clin Nutr 77(1) 133-138. 

The assistance of G. Rau and I. R. Kaplan (UCLA) in the stable isotope studies as well as the dedicated laboratory work of Peter Slota, L. A. Payen, and G. Prior (UCR) is gratefully acknowledged. This research was supported by a National Science Foundation grant (BNS-7815069). 

In a recent study, Jin and Kaplan (2003) demonstrate the formation of silk fibroin aggregates in the presence of polyethylene glycol, and present a step by step model for fiber formation based on the principle of micelle formation, and driven by dehydration as well as flow elongation. During this process, hydrophobic chains are exposed to the solvent, but because of the molecules high free energy, water solvation is unfavorable and phase separation followed by aggregation predominates. 

Another, promising avenue to understand silk protein conformation and assembly is the use of model peptides. Although not recent (Fraser and MacRae, 1973 Lotz et al., 1974), studies of silk-based peptide from chemical synthesis, DNA recombinant technology, and computer simulation (Anderson et al., 1994 Asakura et al., 2003 Fahnestock et al., 2000 Fossey et al., 1991 Heslot, 1998 Kaplan, 1998 Wilson et al., 2000) have shown that selected repeats of silk proteins can be transformable hydrogels, elastomers, or regular thermoplastics and that with a proper design they can function as diverse molecular machines (Altman et al., 2003 Heslot, 1998 Kaplan, 1998 Urry, 1998). 

We start by deciding the interval length (/,) we wish to examine within the study. The information we gain becomes more exact as the interval is shortened. But as interval length is decreased, the number of intervals increases and calculations become more cumbersome and less indicative of time-related trends because random fluctuations become more apparent. For a two-year or lifetime rodent study, an interval length of a month is commonly employed. Some fife table methods, such as the Kaplan-Meyer, have each new event (such as a death) define the start of a new interval. 

Albert H. Coons (Fig. 1.2) was the first who attached a fluorescent dye (fluorescein isocyanate) to an antibody and used this antibody to localize its respective antigen in a tissue section. The concept of putting a visible label on an antibody molecule appeared both bold and original. His initial results were described in two brief papers in the early 1940s (Coons et al. 1941,1942), but the research was halted while he joined the army and spent the next 4 years in the South Pacific. His later studies (Coons and Kaplan 1950) contributed immensely to the use of the fluorescent antibody method in a wide variety of experimental settings. In our time, the use of antibodies to detect and localize individual or multiple antigens in situ has developed into a powerful research tool in almost every field of biomedical research (http //books.nap.edu/html/biomems/acoons.pdf). 

O Neil JR, Truesdell AH (1991) Oxygen isotope fractionation studies of solute-water interactions. In Stable Isotope Geochemistry A Tribute to Samuel Epstein. Taylor Jr. HP, O Neil JR, Kaplan IR (eds), Geochem Soc Spec Pub 3 17-25... 

Sulfate reduction is dominated by bacterial processes in nature, and several studies have revealed strong variability in the isotopic fractionation (Thode et al. 1951 Harrison and Thode 1958 Kaplan and Rittenberg 1964 Kemp and Thode 1968 Rees 1973 Dickman and Thode 1990 Habicht and Canfield 1997 Brtlchert et al. 2001). The fractionation appears to depend both on the microbial species and on the metabohc state of an individual species (Kaplan and Rittenberg 1964). This is discussed in greater detail below. 

PoweU BA, Duff MC, Kaplan Dl, Field RA, Newville M, Hunter BD, Bertsch PM, Coates JT, Serkiz SM, Sutton RS, Triay IR, Vaniman DT (2006) Plutonium oxidation and subsequent reduction by Mn(lV) minerals in Yucca Mountain tuff Environ Sci Technol 40 3508-3514 Power LE, Aral Y, Sparks DL (2005) Zinc adsorption effect on arsenite oxidation kinetics at the bimessite water interface. Environ Sci Technol 39 181-187 Purdue EM, Wolfe NL (1983) Prediction of buffer catalysis in field and laboratory studies. Environ Sci Technol 17 635-642... 

Proton and C-nmr, ESCA, and Raman studies provide a wealth of information which unfortunately is not subject to a unique interpretation. The main conclusion to be drawn therefore is that the structure of the solvent stabilized cation is still unproven. Gas phase estimates of the heat of formation of the norbomyl cation imply a rather marked stability of the stmcture relative to other secondary ions (Kaplan et al., 1970). When combined with other estimates of the heat of formation of the t-butyl cation, however, these data suggest that hydride transfer from isobutane to the norbomyl ion will be endothermic by 6 to 15 kcal mole . This is contrary to experience in the liquid phase behaviour of the ion, and the author s conclusion that their observation of enhanced stability is evidence of stabilization by bridging deserves further scmtiny. 

Below is a brief review of the published calculations of yttrium ceramics based on the ECM approach. In studies by Goodman et al. [20] and Kaplan et al. [25,26], the embedded quantum clusters, representing the YBa2Cu307 x ceramics (with different x), were calculated by the discrete variation method in the local density approximation (EDA). Although in these studies many interesting results were obtained, it is necessary to keep in mind that the EDA approach has a restricted applicability to cuprate oxides, e.g. it does not describe correctly the magnetic properties [41] and gives an inadequate description of anisotropic effects [42,43]. Therefore, comparative ab initio calculations in the frame of the Hartree-Fock approximation are desirable. 

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