High free energy

Based on the discussion of high-energy phosphates in this chapter, would you expect carbamoyl phosphate to possess a high free energy of hydrolysis Provide a chemical rationale for your answer. 

In the bundle-like nucleation, there are two possibilities one is the attachment of a whole molecule to the crystal substrate and the other is the attachment of part of a molecule to the substrate. For long molecules, the former situation is unfavorable because of the high free energy created on forming a thick nucleus. It would be reasonable to consider that each molecule is partially incorporated into the crystal substrate. This bundle-like nucleation can be expressed by the model shown in Fig. 14. 

The first step is highly endothermic and has high free energy of activation. 

Hydrogenation reactions usually have high free energies of activation. 

In a recent study, Jin and Kaplan (2003) demonstrate the formation of silk fibroin aggregates in the presence of polyethylene glycol, and present a step by step model for fiber formation based on the principle of micelle formation, and driven by dehydration as well as flow elongation. During this process, hydrophobic chains are exposed to the solvent, but because of the molecules high free energy, water solvation is unfavorable and phase separation followed by aggregation predominates. 

The material react with lithium with a high free energy of reaction. 

Using a similar approach, Notman et al. [81], determined the free energy for pore formation in bilayers composed of ceramide, as a model for the stratum corneum of the skin, both in the presence and in the absence of DMSO. Without DMSO, the bilayer was in the gel phase, and interestingly, a hydrophobic pore was observed with a high free-energy barrier ( 60 kj/mol). In the presence of DMSO, the bilayer was more fluid, and the more typical hydrophilic pore was observed, with a much smaller activation energy of 20kJ/mol. This work provided a thermodynamic and structural explanation for the enhanced permeability of skin by DMSO. 

In comparison to cations of similar size, anions have high free energies of solvation and hence anion hosts are required to compete more effectively with the surrounding medium (e.g. AGp- 434.3 kJ mor , AG 337.2 kJ mor ). " ... 

Even in unstressed metals, however, the boundaries of the grains in the metal structure (Fig. 5.4) have relatively high free energy and thus tend to... 

Any oxidation process in which hydroxyl radical is the dominant species is defined as an advanced oxidation process (AOP). For any oxidation reaction, two factors determine the rate of reaction. First, if a reaction has a high free energy or high electrical potential, the reaction is very likely to occur and it is considered to be thermodynamically favorable. The oxidation potentials for common oxidants suitable for environmental applications are listed in Table 4.1. 

---