Blast fibers

Bast or Bass is the fibrous inner bark of linden, lime and some milkweed trees. It is used for ropes, mats, peasant shoes(such as Rus"lapti"). The term blast fiber is applied to fibers obtained from the inner bark of flax, hemp, jute, ramie, etc. They contain a considerable amt of cellulose and can be nitrated to NC. However, these substances are more valuable as fabric materials than as sources of NC. Ramie has been used in France for prepn of pure NC Ref J.T.Marsh F.C.Wood, "An Introduction to the Chemistry of Cellulose",Chapman Hall, London( 1945), 1,3 12... 

Kapoor, M., Beg, Q.K., Bhushan, B., Singh, K., Dadhich, K.S. and Hoondal, G.S. (2001), Application of an alkaline and thermostable polygalacturonase from Bacillus sp. MG-cp-2 in degumming of ramie (Boehmeria mivea) and sunn hemp Crotalaria juncea) blast fibers , Proc. Biochem. 36 (8-9), 803-807. 

An explosion and fire (March 13, 1991) occurred at an ethylene oxide unit at Union Carbide Chemicals Plastics Co. s Seadrift plant in Port Lavaca, TX, 125 miles southwest of Houston. The blast killed one, injured 19, and idled the facility, that also produces ethylene, ethylene glycol, glycol ether ethanolamines, and polyethylene. Twenty-five residents were evacuated for several hours as a safety precaution. The plant lost all electrical power, for a few days, because its cogeneration unit was damaged. The Seadrift plant, with 1,600 workers, is capable of making 820 million lb per year of ethylene oxide which is one-third of Carbide s worldwide production of antifreeze, polyester fibers, and surfactants Seadrift produces two thirds of Carbide s worldwide production of polyethylene. 

Lightweight Composite proprietary materials, typically of glass fiber and polyester resins, are available as sheet boards which can be arranged into protective walls or enclosures. They offer light weight, inherent insulation, and can be configured to achieve blast protection. These materials are corrosion free, and wear resistant. 

Structural dements resist blast loads by developing an internal resistance based on material stress and section properties. To design or analyze the response of an element it is necessary to determine the relationship between resistance and deflection. In flexural response, stress rises in direct proportion to strain in the member. Because resistance is also a function of material stress, it also rises in proportion to strain. After the stress in the outer fibers reaches the yield limit, (lie relationship between stress and strain, and thus resistance, becomes nonlinear. As the outer fibers of the member continue to yield, stress in the interior of the section also begins to yield and a plastic hinge is formed at the locations of maximum moment in the member. If premature buckling is prevented, deformation continues as llic member absorbs load until rupture strains arc achieved. 

Bomb Burster, C8R1, shown in Fig 5-12, consists of a tubular fiber body, 0.47-inches in diam and 3.07-in long, partly filled with 2.5 g of Tetryl and provided with a nonelectric blasting cap at the open end of the tube. The end of the tube contg Tetryl is closed by a fiber plug. This burster is a component of igniters M15 ... 

Fuse A fiber-wrapped cord of black powder used to initiate blasting caps or low explosives. 

Abbreviations and notes EqS - Equivalent in safety to sheathed expls NG - Nitroglycerine NGc such as woodmeal, wheat flour, oat husk meal or plant fibers Other ingredients, such as AW (Acid Barytes, Resin or AS No 2( ) d - density of unsheathed cartridges Strength as % of BG (Blasting cartridge suspended in 9% methane/air... 

Stretching is the third method. Stretching increases intermuscular IGF-1 and FGF (fiber blast growth factor) which triggers PG production. 

In an alternative scenario, 7-mer or 20-mer oligolysine sequences (which interact with heparan sulfate) have been fused to the C terminus of the fiber protein. This modification led to a dramatically increased and CAR-independent transduction of endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and macrophages in vitro and in vivo (up to > 100-fold) [33, 34], of myeloma cells and AML blast cells in vitro [35, 36], and of cultured glioma cells in vitro [37, 38], A similar approach has been used to fuse an RGD peptide (RDG-4C) to the C terminus of the fiber, which led to an increased transduction of endothelial cells in vitro and in vivo [33, 39], The same RGD-containing peptide has also been incorporated into the HI-loop of the fiber protein, resulting in an up to 1000-fold increased and CAR-independent transduction of primary endothelial cells and ovarian and head and neck cancer cells in vitro [40, 41]. 

Release of TGFa from eosinophils, which triggers the proliferation of fiber-blasts, while ECP stimulates collagen synthesis, which contributes to the development of fibrosis. 

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