Whole water data

Whole water data may be generated by analysis of the whole water sample, or by separate determinations on liquid and SPM fractions. If it can be justified, for example by consideration of contaminant partitioning, it may be argued that there is no need to analyse a particular fraction. If a sampling strategy is selected involving only liquid or SPM fractions their die Member States shall justify the choice with measurements, calculations, etc. All justifications of practice shall be based on data derived from appropriate quality-control activities. 

This suggests reporting monitoring results except for metals as whole water concentrations. Whole water data may be generated by analysis of the whole water sample, or by separate analyses of the liquid and SPM fractions. 

At TW 1 (see Table 6.16), the mean flow is toward northwesterly directions throughout the whole water column. Only close to the bottom the direction veers to the left. Directional stability is moderate at subsurface depth but increases strikingly within the upper layer. The mean current data at TW2 and TW3 during the same time could be the indication of a counterclockwise alongshore flow in the interior of the bay, which is bounded by the northwesterly flow further offshore. 

FIGURE 12.12 Distribution of organic matter in different regions of the Baltic Sea. For 13 selected stations (cf. Fig. 1.2) mean values of DOC, DON, POC, PON, and the C/N ratios in the dissolved and particulate fraction are shown. The calculation based on the data measured from 1995 to 2005 on five regular cruises per year. Mean values and standard deviations are separately calculated for the whole water column (columns), for the surface layer (circles) and, the bottom layer (triangles). (Adopted from Nausch et al., 2006.)... 

The fact that convection really reached the bottom of the deepwater trough was confirmed by the data on oxygen distribution by season. Its maximum through the whole water column was observed in spring, after oxygen enrichment of the whole water layer. 

Moreover, for measurements made on the whole water sample, in order to allow better data comparability, it should be specified whether the analysis was conducted with separation of the two phases and determination of the contaminant in the two separate phases (dissolved and suspended particulate matter (SPM)), or on the whole water sample without separation of the liquid and SPM phases. The concentration of SPM should also be indicated in order to assess the risk of underestimating the concentration of the contaminant when whole water is analysed without separation of the two phases. 

Criticality safety data have been accumulated from around the world, with the help of such unclassified reports as the three-volume publication by Koponen et al., which contains indexes, concordances, and abstracts of reports published up to 1978. We have analyzed the publication and found, as shown in Fig. 1, that the amount of experimental data for criticality safety is less than 50% of the whole criticality data base and that 13, 16, and 28% of the data are on mixtures of plutonium and uranium, solutions of plutoiuum, and solutions of uranium, respectively. In those data for mixtmes and solutions, we could not find data suffldent-for reak>nable and effective design and operation of out-of-reactor nuclear fadlities for light water reactor (LWR) and fast brewer reactor (FBR) fuel cydes. ... 

On the whole, theoretical calculations provide only a general insight into the problem of water-metal interactions, probably because not all factors are appropriately taken into account. Thus the agreement of AX data with A

theoretical calculations. Nevertheless, each author claims good agreement with some experimental facts, with the outcome that plenty of hydrophilicity scales have been suggested23,153,352 389 399 834 870 890,892 893 based on different parameters these have increased the entropy of the situation with a loss of clarity. 

Fig. 2 Time-series of annual mean water temperature in the San Reservoir (Spain) and air temperature in the Ter River watershed. The series start in 1964, after the first filling of the reservoir. Annual means are based on monthly measures of the volume weighted mean temperature. Only years with at least 10 temperature profiles were included in the figure. The air temperatures are annual means for the whole Ter River watershed, calculated from data collected in several meteorological stations in the basin, and weighted according to their area of influence...

To further analyze the relationships within descriptor space we performed a principle component analysis of the whole data matrix. Descriptors have been normalized before the analysis to have a mean of 0 and standard deviation of 1. The first two principal components explain 78% of variance within the data. The resultant loadings, which characterize contributions of the original descriptors to these principal components, are shown on Fig. 5.8. On the plot we can see that PSA, Hhed and Uhba are indeed closely grouped together. Calculated octanol-water partition coefficient CLOGP is located in the opposite corner of the property space. This analysis also demonstrates that CLOGP and PSA are the two parameters with... 

Ruckenstein and Li proposed a relatively simple surface pressure-area equation of state for phospholipid monolayers at a water-oil interface [39]. The equation accounted for the clustering of the surfactant molecules, and led to second-order phase transitions. The monolayer was described as a 2D regular solution with three components singly dispersed phospholipid molecules, clusters of these molecules, and sites occupied by water and oil molecules. The effect of clusterng on the theoretical surface pressure-area isotherm was found to be crucial for the prediction of phase transitions. The model calculations fitted surprisingly well to the data of Taylor et al. [19] in the whole range of surface areas and the temperatures (Fig. 3). The number of molecules in a cluster was taken to be 150 due to an excellent agreement with an isotherm of DSPC when this... 

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