Justice principle

Before recipients are added to the waiting list, they are evaluated by a specialized health care team at the transplant hospital. Several tests and evaluation criteria are used for recipient selection. The same criteria are applied to everyone who is referred for a transplant (the justice principle). This means treatment should be given without regard to factors such as race, age, gender or any other irrelevant aspect of a patient s persona. Moreover, it should have the rather general virtues of fairness, honesty, balance, and the lack of prejudice. 

As corrupt business and construction practices are the norm in some environments, students must learn not only that there are differences in what is considered acceptable practice they must also learn how to intellectually critique dubious ethical norms. We expect that exploration for and demonstration of universal and/or ubiquitous moral values will be an important component in international ethics education. One of the examples is the concept of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) (Baker 2004). CSR focuses on accountability of organizations to a broad group of stakeholders including employees, customers, suppliers, community organizations, subsidiaries and affiliates, joint venture partners, investors and shareholders. CSR policies are based on social justice principles, human rights, and environmental standards. CSR can make our science, engineering and management students better understand that we do not inherit the earth from our ancestors we borrow it from our children - a Native American proverb. Balanced evaluations are necessary. 

The US Department of Justice (1999) seeks to support the Application of principles of science and technology to understand problems of crime , and in particular has developed a five-year plan to encourage development of cutting-edge molecular biology methods and tools . 

The first part of this book is dedicated to a discussion of mass spectrometry (MS) instrumentation. We start with a list of basic definitions and explanations (Chapter 1). Chapter 2 is devoted to the mass spectrometer and its building blocks. In this chapter we describe in relative detail the most common ion sources, mass analyzers, and detectors. Some of the techniques are not extensively used today, but they are often cited in the MS literature, and are important contributions to the history of MS instrumentation. In Chapter 3 we describe both different fragmentation methods and several typical tandem MS analyzer configurations. Chapter 4 is somewhat of an outsider. Separation methods is certainly too vast a topic to do full justice in less than twenty pages. However, some separation methods are used in such close alliance with MS that the two techniques are always referred to as one combined analytical tool, for example, GC-MS and LC-MS. In effect, it is almost impossible to study the MS literature without coming across at least one separation method. Our main goal with Chapter 4 is, therefore, to facilitate an introduction to the MS literature for the reader by providing a short summary of the basic principles of some of the most common separation methods that have been used in conjunction with mass spectrometry. 

The principle of justice refers to the fairness or equity involved in the selection of research participants. The point is to ensure that risks or benefits incurred by research participants are not unfairly concentrated in one segment of fhe population. 

The acceptance of the Substitution Principle as a workable legal act was demonstrated in a European Court of Justice (ECJ) court case in 2000. Trichloroethylene (TRI), a cancer-causing chemical, was banned in Sweden and companies had to find alternatives. Exemptions were only given when a suitable alternative was not available, when use did not lead to unacceptable exposure and on the condition that the company continued to seek alternatives. Forthe majority of exemptions, the firms had managed to substitute TRI in most of their production, but had not found a suitable alternative for a specific use in the production process. One firm appealed against the ban, but the European Court of Justice ruled against them. The ECJ ruling demonstrates acceptance of the Substitution Principle in EU courts. 

The racially disproportionate nature of the war on drugs is not just devastating to black Americans. It contradicts faith in the principles of justice and equal protection of the laws that should be the bedrock of any constitutional democracy it exposes and deepens the racial fault lines that continue to weaken the country and belies its promise as a land of equal opportunity and it undermines faith among all races in the fairness and efficacy of the criminal justice system. Urgent action is needed, at both the state and federal level, to address this crisis for the American nation. ... 

The principle of justice states that individuals should be given what they deserve, be that benefit or burden. Cases that are alike should be treated similarly, and relevant distinctions should be drawn consistently. The principle of justice does not specifically state what distinctions are fair or which criteria are reasonable it simply requires that, once criteria are determined, they be applied fairly. Justice is important in many areas, such as recruitment of research subjects for pharmaceutical studies. For example, researchers must guard against distributing the burdens of participation disproportionately among populations that are poorly equipped to give informed consent, such as children or the mentally incompetent. 

The principles of autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice form a foundation for analysis of ethical quandaries. In addition, a comprehensive ethical analysis will include considerations of cultural and reh-gious diversity of patient-subjects, health care providers and interpersonal relationships an assessment of the profession-based duties and obligations of the health care professionals, including an examination of relevant professional oaths and codes and an analysis of relevantly similar previous bioethical dilemmas. 

L D. The principle of justice is a relevant consideration when subjects are selected for clinical research. It requires that members of a vulnerable population, such as institutionalized patients with mental retardation, not be exploited. The principle of autonomy would be most relevant to the parents ability to consent or refuse on the child s behalf, something Dr. Martin thinks is handled satisfactorily. Dr. Martin believes risks have been minimized and the overall study drug is likely to help the participants, so the study has satisfied the principles of nonmaleficence and beneficence. The principle of medical priority is not mentioned in the chapter and pertains to treating the most medically needy patients first, which is not at issue here. 

Rawls claims that his political liberalism is neutral in aim but not in effect. It is procedurally neutral in that it seeks common (or neutral) ground between the plurality of comprehensive moral, religious or philosophical doctrines, but not in that it is based on substantive principles of justice, rather than just on procedural values such as impartiality (Rawls, 1988, pp261—... 

It is impossible to do justice to the complex phenomena of detergency and flotation in a few paragraphs. All we can do is point out some of the ways in which the principles of colloid and surface chemistry apply in these areas. There are several ways in which detergency and flotation phenomena resemble one another ... 

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