Japan/Far East

Acrylic rubbers, as is the case for most specialty elastomers, are characterized by higher price and smaller consumption compared to general-purpose mbbers. The total mbber consumption ia 1991 was forecast (55) at 15.7 million t worldwide with a 66% share for synthetic elastomers (10.4 x 10 t). Acryhc elastomers consumption, as a minor amount of the total synthetic mbbers consumption, can hardly be estimated. As a first approximation, the ACM consumption is estimated to be 7000 t distributed among the United States, Western Europe, and Japan/Far East, where automotive production is significantly present. 

Utilization of LPG as motor fuel represents only a tiny fraction of the market, on the order of 30,000 t/an in France out of a total 3,000,000 t that is, about 1%. Globally, the fraction of LPG used in the transportation industry is on the order of 5% the other applications are essentially petrochemicals (25%) and the heating fuel sectors (70%). However noticeable openings in the LPG-fuel markets in some countries such as Japan (1.8 Mt), the United States (1.3 Mt), the Netherlands (0.9 Mt), Italy (0.8 Mt) and in certain regions (Latin America, Africa, and the Far East) have been observed for specialized vehicles such as taxis. 

The production of man-made leather has increased rapidly due to its high quaUty (Table 5). Production was first started in Japan, and is expanding to the world. Up to 90% is produced in the Far East, and approximately 50% is exported to the United States and European countries. 

Vibrio spp. contaminate water (especially salt water due to the halophilic properties of bacteria), seafood, mollusks, crustaceans, and undercooked vegetables. In Asia, infections frequently accompany floods and other natural disasters. In the Far East and in Japan, V. parahaemolyticus infections are endemic. The causative factor is achlorhydria (often iatrogenic). The onset of Vibrio infection acquired via the orofecal pathway resembles dysentery due to frequent bloody stools (Butterton and Claderwood, 2001). 

Note by Edward Bridges (head of the Treasury division dealing with defence and foreign policy issues), 1 Dec. 1937, T 161/779/S.41815, and comment by Fisher on note by Bridges, 12 Jan. 1938, T 161/849/S.42779, TNA. For Treasury attempts to influence policy towards Japan, see Gill Bennett, British policy in the Far East 1933-1936 Treasury and Foreign Office , Modem Asian Studies, 26 (1992), 545-68. David Reynolds, The Creation of the Anglo-American Alliance 1937-41 A Study in Competitive Co-operation (Chapel Hill University of North Carolina Press, 1981), pp. 16-17, 60-2. 

Field, Andrew, Royal Navy Strategy in the Far East 1919-1939 Planning for War against Japan, London Frank Cass, 2004. 

Sugarcane is cultivated in tropical and semitropical regions, eg, Central and South America, Cuba, India, Australia, Africa, and the Far East. Sugarbeets are grown in more temperate climates such as North America, Europe, and the former Soviet Union. In some nations, eg, the United States, China, and Japan, sucrose is produced from both sources. 

The dominant reticulated foam manufacturers in the U.S. are Foamex in Eddystone, PA, and Crest Foam in Moonachie, NJ. We have worked with Recticel in Brussels, Belgium, and find the company to be competent and cooperative. Our work has not involved companies in the Far East, but Japan probably has competent foam manufacturers. Both Foamex and Recticel are active in Eastern markets. 

Worldwide consumption of acrylonitrile increased 52% between 1976 and 1988, from 2500 to 3800 thousand tonnes per year. The trend in consumption over this time period is shown in Table 2 for the principal uses of acrylonitrile acrylic fibre, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) resins, adiponitrile, nitrile rubbers, elastomers and styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN) resins. Since the 1960s, acrylic fibres have remained the major outlet for acrylonitrile production in the United States and especially in Japan and the Far East. Acrylic fibres always contain a comonomer. Fibres containing 85 wt% or more acrylonitrile are usually referred to as acrylics and fibres containing 35-85 wt% acrylonitrile are called modacrylics . Acrylic fibres are used primarily for the manufacture of apparel, including sweaters, fleece wear and sportswear, and home furnishings, including carpets, upholstery and draperies (Langvardt, 1985 Brazdil, 1991). 

Worldwide production capacities for toluene diisocyanates in 1987 were reported as (thousand tonnes) western hemisphere, 356 eastern Europe, 46 western Europe, 380 and Japan and the Far East, 88 (Ulrich, 1989). Worldwide production capacities in 1993 were reported as (thousand tonnes) North America, 485 Europe, 530 Pacific region, 308 and Latin America, 102.5 (Anon., 1995). 

Total, Far East (excluding Japan) Total world capacity ... 

---