Far East

Utilization of LPG as motor fuel represents only a tiny fraction of the market, on the order of 30,000 t/an in France out of a total 3,000,000 t that is, about 1%. Globally, the fraction of LPG used in the transportation industry is on the order of 5% the other applications are essentially petrochemicals (25%) and the heating fuel sectors (70%). However noticeable openings in the LPG-fuel markets in some countries such as Japan (1.8 Mt), the United States (1.3 Mt), the Netherlands (0.9 Mt), Italy (0.8 Mt) and in certain regions (Latin America, Africa, and the Far East) have been observed for specialized vehicles such as taxis. 

The majority of thin paneling used today is imported from the Far East and is made from various tropical species of the luaun group, sometimes known as Philippine mahogany. These panels are normally finished using one of the processes intended to create the appearance and grain pattern of a decorative veneer or other patterns. 

Economic Aspects. There were 31 OSB plants in the United States in 1994 and these produced 6.625 x 10 m of OSB products (2). This industry is growing rapidly in both Canada and the United States. In fact, many of the composite mills currently under constmction are designed to produce OSB or similar products based on strands. Outside of North America, where building practices are not yet extensively utilizing the distinct advantages of the stud wall and plywood/OSB sheathing, there are only a few operating OSB plants. There are also small export markets for OSB products in Europe and the Far East. 

Because of projected nylon-6,6 growth of 4—10% (167) per year in the Far East, several companies have announced plans for that area. A Rhc ne-Poulenc/Oriental Chemical Industry joint venture (Kofran) announced a 1991 startup for a 50,000-t/yr plant in Onsan, South Korea (168,169). Asahi announced plans for a 15,000-t/yr expansion of adipic acid capacity at their Nobeoka complex in late 1989, accompanied by a 60,000-t/yr cyclohexanol plant at Mizushima based on their new cyclohexene hydration technology (170). In early 1990 the Du Pont Company announced plans for a major nylon-6,6 complex for Singapore, including a 90,000-t/yr adipic acid plant due to start up in 1993 (167). Plans or negotiations for other adipic acid capacity in the area include Formosa Plastics (Taiwan) (171) and BASF-Hyundai Petrochemical (South Korea) (167). Adipic acid is a truly worldwide... 

In the eadiest known paintings, the primitive cave paintings, paint was appHed directly onto the cave wall, with tittle or no preparation. As early as the Old Kingdom in ancient Egypt, however, wall surfaces were specially prepared using a coating of plaster. In time, the refinement and complexity of the preparation layers increased until in the Renaissance several layers of different composition and fineness were superimposed. Other preparations used, especially in the Far East, consisted of a clay layer. 

A special class of stones are the precious and semiprecious gemstones, with a long history of use in decorations and jewelry. Especially in the Far East and pre-Columbian America, jade was used extensively for carving ceremonial and luxury items. Jade encompasses two different minerals quite similar... 

Economic Aspects. MaHc acid is manufactured in over 10 countries, with 1992 worldwide production estimated at approximately 33,000 t, distributed as follows 44.4%, North America 52.1%, Far East and 3.5%, Africa. 

The production of coated fabrics including vinyl- and urethane-coated in the early 1980s is shown in Table 3 (4). Only production in the Far East showed an increase. The increase of urethane-coated fabrics mainly supports this tendency (Table 4). 

Table 4. Urethane-Coated Fabrics Production in the Far East ...

The production of man-made leather has increased rapidly due to its high quaUty (Table 5). Production was first started in Japan, and is expanding to the world. Up to 90% is produced in the Far East, and approximately 50% is exported to the United States and European countries. 

Similar to IFP s Dimersol process, the Alphabutol process uses a Ziegler-Natta type soluble catalyst based on a titanium complex, with triethyl aluminum as a co-catalyst. This soluble catalyst system avoids the isomerization of 1-butene to 2-butene and thus eliminates the need for removing the isomers from the 1-butene. The process is composed of four sections reaction, co-catalyst injection, catalyst removal, and distillation. Reaction takes place at 50—55°C and 2.4—2.8 MPa (350—400 psig) for 5—6 h. The catalyst is continuously fed to the reactor ethylene conversion is about 80—85% per pass with a selectivity to 1-butene of 93%. The catalyst is removed by vaporizing Hquid withdrawn from the reactor in two steps classical exchanger and thin-film evaporator. The purity of the butene produced with this technology is 99.90%. IFP has Hcensed this technology in areas where there is no local supply of 1-butene from other sources, such as Saudi Arabia and the Far East. 

About one-third each worldwide consumption of organic pigments takes place in Western Europe (32%) and North America (29%) (25). Other geographic areas consume as follows Far East, 18% China/Russia/Eastem Europe, 12% Latin America, 4% Africa and Middle East, 3% and... 

Emulsion Polymerization. When the U.S. supply of natural mbber from the Far East was cut off in World War II, the emulsion polymerization process was developed to produce synthetic mbber. In this complex process, the organic monomer is emulsified with soap in an aqueous continuous phase. Because of the much smaller (<0.1 jira) dispersed particles than in suspension polymerization and the stabilizing action of the soap, a proper emulsion is stable, so agitation is not as critical. In classical emulsion polymerization, a water-soluble initiator is used. This, together with the small particle size, gives rise to very different kinetics (6,21—23). 

In the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS, formerly the USSR), nearly 50% of the CIS production comes from Ka2akhstan. Silver is produced from the lead—2inc mines at Ostkamen, Shymkent, and Leninogorsk (ca 1000 t) and also in Russia s Far East, where it is a by-product of the tin deposits near Khabarovsk, and of the copper and gold deposits in the Ural Mountains. 

Primary smelting can be carried out in a reverberatory, rotary, or electric furnace. The choice depends more on economic circumstances than on technical considerations (3). Thus, in the Far East, reverberatory furnaces fired with anthracite coal as the reductant were and still are widely used. 

Monochlorobenzene. The largest use of monochlorobenzene in the United States is in the production of nitrochlorobenzenes, both ortho and para, which are separated and used as intermediates for mbber chemicals, antioxidants (qv), dye and pigment intermediates, agriculture products, and pharmaceuticals (Table 5). Since the mid-1980s, there have been substantial exports of both o-nitrochlorobenzene, estimated at 7.7 million kg to Europe and -nitrochlorobenzene, estimated at 9.5 million kg to the Far East. Solvent use of monochlorobenzene accounted for about 28% of the U.S. consumption. This appHcation involves solvents for herbicide production and the solvent for diphenylmethane diisocyanate manufacture and other chemical intermediates. 

The revolutionary development of stereospecific polymerization by the Ziegler-Natta catalysts also resulted ia the accomplishment ia the 1950s of a 100-year-old goal, the synthesis of i7j -l,4-polyisoprene (natural mbber). This actually led to the immediate termination of the U.S. Government Synthetic Rubber Program ia 1956 because the technical problem of dupHcating the molecular stmcture of natural mbber was thereby solved, and also because the mbber plantations of the Far East were again available. 

Acrylic rubbers, as is the case for most specialty elastomers, are characterized by higher price and smaller consumption compared to general-purpose mbbers. The total mbber consumption ia 1991 was forecast (55) at 15.7 million t worldwide with a 66% share for synthetic elastomers (10.4 x 10 t). Acryhc elastomers consumption, as a minor amount of the total synthetic mbbers consumption, can hardly be estimated. As a first approximation, the ACM consumption is estimated to be 7000 t distributed among the United States, Western Europe, and Japan/Far East, where automotive production is significantly present. 

The cultivation and marketing of areca nuts has been described by Kannangara and its use as a masticatory in the Far East is discussed by Mercier.2 ... 

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