Ivermectin injection

Chorioptic mange Doramectin injection 0.3 mg/kg s.c. Fipronil spray applied to affected areas Selenium sulfide shampoo Ivermectin injectable applied topically to affected areas Repeat after 30 days Repeat three times at 5 day intervals Do not use ivermectin as a pour on as it is irritant to equine skin repeat after 14 days All listed treatments are extra-label use topical treatments applied after clipping leg hair and general skin hygiene... 

Ivermectin is widely used as an endectocide for catde as an injectable, oral, topical, or slow release bolus for sheep as an injectable or oral formulation for swine as an injectable for horses as a paste or drench and for goats as an injectable or oral formulation. Ivermectin has recently been introduced for heartworm prophylaxis in dogs and it is being studied for use with cats, many other mammals, birds, fish, and reptiles. 

Doramectin, unlike ivermectin components, possesses a double bond between C22 and C23 and a cyclohexyl ring on C25. This novel avermectin is intended for use in cattle and sheep in the form of a single subcutaneous injection at a dosage of 0.2 mg/kg bw, or in pigs in the form of a single intramuscular injection at a dosage of 0.3 mg/kg bw (58). 

Detection in liquid chromatography is mostly performed by fluorescence and/or ultraviolet absorption. In a few instances, electrochemical detection has also been employed (357, 368). For compounds that exhibit inherent intense fluorescence such as albendazole and metabolites (319, 320, 338, 355), closantel (344), and thiabendazole and metabolites (378), fluorometric detection is the preferred detection mode since it allows higher sensitivity. Compounds that do not fluoresce such as eprinomectin, moxidectin, and ivermectin, are usually converted to fluorescent derivatives prior to their injection into the liquid chromatographic analytical column. The derivatization procedure commonly applied for this group of compounds includes reaction with trifluoroacetic anhydride in presence of A-methylimidazole as a base catalyst in acetonitrile (346, 347, 351, 352, 366, 369, 372-374). The formation of the fluorophore is achieved in 30 s at 25 C and results in a very stable derivative of ivermectin and moxidectin (353) but a relatively unstable derivative of eprinomectin (365). However, the derivatized extracts are not pure enough, so that their injection dramatically shortens the life of the liquid chromatographic column unless a silica solid-phase extraction cleanup is finally applied. 

Table 5 Pharmacokinetic parameters describing the rate of absorption and elimination of ivermectin (IVM), doramectin (DRM), and moxidectin (MXD) after subcutaneous injection (shoulder region) of single doses (200 pg/kg) of the commercially available preparations to 10-month-old hereford calves...

Solution Ivermectin, doramectin Cattle, sheep S.C. injection... 

Avermectin (Ivermectin) (Doramectin) (Abamectin) (Eprinomectin) Mites, lice, Horn fly. Warble-fly larvae Solution (pour on) Parenteral solution (S.C. injection) Controlled-release ruminal bolus (ivermectin)... 

A 39-year-old Afro-Caribbean man with stage IVB T cell Ijmphoma due to HTLV-1 infection had invasive Strongyloides hyperinfection that did not respond to oral ivermectin plus albendazole because of concurrent ileus. He was treated with two 6 mg doses of a veterinary formulation of ivermectin subcutaneously. There were no adverse effects, apart from pain at the injection site. 

A combination of hquid-liquid extraction and SPE was applied in the sample pretreatment of bovine milk and liver samples in the PBI LC-MS analysis of ivermectins [88]. ECNI with methane was performed to the intact molecular anion and some structure-informative fragments of two ivermectin components at m/z 874 and 860. The molecular anion and four fragment ions were used for regulatory confirmation. Signals were observed from on-colunm injections of 4 ng in extracts equivalent to 2 ml milk or 0.2 g liver. 

There are diverse formulations and delivery systems for macrocylic lactones in ruminants, including injectable, oral, sustained-release bolus and transdermal ("pour on") products. In Europe, it is popular clinical practice to administer injectable solutions of ivermectin intravenously (i.v.) to horses. This constitutes extra-label (unlicensed) use and there are no objective data to support the perceived improved efficacy following administration by this route. Specifically, in relation to hypobiotic cyathostome larvae, Klei et al (1993) reported no increase in efficacy when horses were administered 10 pg/kg, which is five times the recommended dose rate. 

The macrocyclic lactones (p. 64) are less effective against ectoparasites in the horse than in ruminants, but extra-label use of the injectable solution of ivermectin for cattle applied topically to... 

French D D, Kiel T M, Foil C S et al 1988 Efficacy of ivermectin in paste and injectable formulations against microfilariae of Onchocerca cervicalis and resolution of associated dermatitis in horses. American Journal of Veterinary Research 49 1550-1554 Harnett W 1998 The anthelmintic action of praziquantel. 

In some veterinary injectables low molecular weight povidone is combined with 2-pyrrolidone. Typical examples are oxytetracycline [163], ivermectin [628] and sulfonamides [164]. 

Ivermectin Mites, ticks, fleas Parenteral solution (s.c. injection) tablet (p.o.)... 

Microspheres Intramuscular injections comprising a microsphere formulation manufactured from poly(DL-lactide) have been described for veterinary applications. Microspheres have been formulated to deliver progesterone (1.25 g) and estradiol (100 mg) continuously for a duration of 12 to 14 days. Other microsphere products have been developed, which contain various active ingredients including ivermectin, estradiol, moxidectin, and vitamin B12. 

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