ITS, intelligent transportation systems

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (1998). Assessing the Emissions and Fuel Consumption Impacts of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). Report Number 231-R-98-007. Washington DC Author. 

Tracking surveillance technology is varied in design and form. It ranges from simple beepers to sophisticated intelligent transportation systems. For example, there is radar to monitor over the horizon bi-static sensors for passive retrieval of emissions (cellular phones) or active sonar-hke capacity tagging systems that use projectiles to attach transmitters to moving objects illumination telescopic and detection systems. 

Intelligent control models, hybrid, 164 Intelligent transportation systems (ITS), 819, 822... 

Iterations (Structured English), 101-102 Iterative design, 1228-1230 Iterative Dichotomister 3 (ID3), 1776 ITS, see Intelligent transportation systems i2, 1738... 

The promises and anticipation of the positive effects of the Intelligent Transport System (ITS) are huge. The hope is that ITS will help road users utilize the infrastructure in a more efficient way, thereby enabling better comfort, efficiency and safety. Secondary effects also promise to be significant, e.g. if ITS succeeds with increasing road safety the reduced number of severely injured or killed persons in traffic could decrease rehabilitation and hospital cost enormously (see e.g. [15, 16, 17]). 

ETSI TR 102 863 Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) Local Dynamic Map (LDM)... 

Ghosh, S. and T. S. Lee. 2010. Intelligent Transportation Systems Smart and Green Infrastructure Design, 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL CRC Press. Print and electronic. Reviews developments and implementations of ITS worldwide and examines challenges to its adoption. 

ITS International (1463-6344) http //www.itsinternational.com/ (accessed September 1, 2010). Swanley, Kent, U.K. Route One Publishing bimonthly. Focuses on the deployment of technology for intelligent transportation systems and covers the full range of applications, including mass transit and light rail systems. 

World Congress on Intelligent Transport Systems http //www.itsworldcongress.com/ (accessed September 13,2010). Title varies. An international meeting and exhibition sponsored by ITS America, ITS Japan, and ERTICO-ITS Europe annual. Proceedings available on CD. 

Institute of Transportation Engineers http //www.ite.org/standards/index.asp (accessed September 14, 2010). ITE develops Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) standards under a cooperative agreement with U.S. Department of Transportation. It also issues Recommended Practices for traffic operations, safety, and design, including ... 

ITS Standards Program http //www.standards.its.dot.gov/ (accessed September 14, 2010). Provides access to intelligent transportation systems standards from AASHTO, IEEE, ITE, NEMA, SAE and other organizations. 

The Intelligent Transportation Systems Program Office (ITS-PO) http //www.its.dot.gov/ about.htm (accessed September 14, 2010) provides information about the development and use of ITS applications. It provides guidelines for ITS architecture and data... 

Operations and Intelligent Transportation Systems http //www.tfhrc.gov/its/its.htm (accessed September 14, 2010) has information on enabling technologies and travel management products and services as well as links to technical reports and articles. 

American Public Transportation Association (APTA) http //www.apta.com/ (accessed September 13, 2010). An advocacy gronp for bus, rapid transit, and commuter rail systems, APTA sponsors conferences on bns and rail transit and applications of intelligent transportation systems. It pnblishes proceedings, reports, and statistics on fares and fare collection, vehicles, alternative fuels, safety, sustainability, funding sonrces, and policy. Formerly known as the American Public Transit Association and the American Transit Association. 

Recent decades have witnessed increasingly more developments in traffic and transport with a focus on ITS, or intelligent transportation systems. The main purposes of ITS are to improve road safety and traffic flow, and to decrease emissions. ITS can be applied both outside and inside the vehicle. In the case of in-vehicle applications, they are often referred to as advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS). This chapter will only focus on ITS in roadway applications. For a review of behavioural adaptation and ADAS, the reader is referred to Chapter 9. 

FIGURE 9.1 Behavioural model of a driver and level of driver assistance. (From Burns, P. 2005. International Harmonized Research Activities—Intelligent Transport Systems (IHR A-ITS) Working Group Report. In 19th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). Washington, DC. Paper no.05-0461-0.)... 

Rudin-Brown, C.M. 2010. Intelligent in-vehicle ITS Limiting behavioural adaptation through adaptive design. lET Intelligent Transport Systems, 4(4), 252-261. 

Brown and Noy (2000) considered several driver behaviour models in an attempt to look for variables associated with behavioural adaptation to driver support systems. One conclusion of their study was that one element that determines the degree to which humans rely on automation is the amount of trust drivers feel towards a system, which in turn depends on a system s perceived competency. One hypothesis is that in-vehicle systems that are perceived by users to be trustworthy are also those that generate behavioural adaptation. They propose that new directions in studies of behavioural adaptation should include notions as trust in automation and possible contributing psychological variables as SS and locus of control (LoC) (Brown and Noy, 2004). In follow-up studies, Rudin-Brown and Noy (2002) and Rudin-Brown (2010) proposed their qualitative model of behavioural adaptation (Figure 11.1) from which they developed hypotheses about psychological characteristics that may affect behavioural adaptation to in-vehicle intelligent transport systems (ITS). 

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