Isobutanol cellulose

Partial replacement of ethanol by methanol has nearly no effect. In the case of propanol an increase in grafting is visible. This can be attributed to the mixing of higher carbon alcohols, e.g., butanol and isobutanol, with the active solvent methanol, which increases the miscibility of the monomer in these grafting systems and, consequently, increases the penetration of monomer to the active sites on the cellulose chains. 

ISOBUTANOL AMINE or ISOBUTANOL-2-AMINE (124-68-5) Combustible liquid (flash point 153°F/67°C). Aqueous solution is a strong organic base. Incompatible with organic anhydrides, acrylates, alcohols, aldehydes, alkylene oxides, substituted allyls, cellulose nitrate, cresols, caprolactam solution, epichlorohydrin, ethylene dichloride, isocyanates, ketones, glycols, nitrates, phenols, vinyl acetate. Exothermic decomposition with maleic anhydride. 

Isohutanol [78-83-1] (2-methyl-l-propanol) is a colorless, neutral liquid with a characteristic odor. It exhibits limited miscibility with water. Most organic solvents are miscible in practically all proportions with isobutanol. Isobutanol readily dissolves most natural and synthetic resins. Waxes dissolve satisfactorily only on heating. Cellulose esters and ethers, natural rubber, neoprene, chlorinated rubber, and polymers such as polystyrene and poly(vinyl chloride) are insoluble in isobutanol. 

Isobutanol prevents blushing in drying paint films, and also improves flow and gloss. When added in amounts of 5 to 10% it reduces the viscosity of oil-based paints, alkyd paints, and cellulose nitrate lacquers. Isobutanol can replace butanol as a moistening agent for cellulose nitrate. It is also used in the production of spirit varnishes and printing inks, and as a raw material for the production of plasticizers. 

Goebell andKuNGENBEBG [34] have separated several acids of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, using two-dimensional TLd on cellulose layers and the solvents, ethanol-25 % ammonium hydroxide-water (72.6 + 18.2 + 9.2) and isobutanol-5M formic acid (40 + 60). They concluded with quantitative evaluation by autoradiography. The combination of TLC with enzyme test methods permitted accurate quantitative determination of these acids in the nanomole region. 

Toray Company in Japan and Virent Company in the United States have produced terephthalic acid from para-xylene and MEG, which were made from organic sources. Gevo Company in the United States can produce terephthalic acid and MEG from sugars, starches, and cellulosic materials via para-xylene and isobutanol intermediates (Gevo 2011 Toray 2011 Virent 2011). 

Higashide, W., Li, Y., Yang, Y, and Liao, J.C. (2011) Metabolic engineering of Clostridium cellulolyticum for production of isobutanol from cellulose. Appl EnvirorL Microbiol., 77, 2727—2733. 

The direct conversion of cellulose to biofuels would be more favorable under high temperatures to favor cellulose hydrolysis and reduce the chance of contamination. Lin et al. [96] were successful in the production of isobutanol using the cellulytic thermophile C. thermocellum. They also confirmed that an alternative pathway to kivd existed in this organism a ferrodoxin-dependent oxidoreductase that decarboxylased a-ketoisovalerate to produce isobutyl-CoA and then reduced to isobutanol. Their best result showed a titer of 5.4gU of isobutanol from cellulose at 50 °C within 75 h and at 41% of the theoretical yield [96]. 

In addition to cellulose, cellobionic acid is another carbon feedstock that is commonly found in lignocellulose hydrolysate. Desai et al. [97] demonstrated that cellobionic acid could be used as a sole carbon source for the growth and production of isobutanol in E. coli. They were able to produce 2.7 gl of isobutanol from 10.4 gl of commercial cellobionic acid [97]. 

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