Ion insertion materials

Chu, Y.Q. and Q.Z. Qin. 2002. Fabrication and characterization of silver-V205 composite thin films as lithium-ion insertion materials. Chem. Mater. 14 3152-3157. 

The seminal work on these materials began at American Cyanamid Co. in the 1960s (4,23), though these workers did not author the ion-insertion/extraction model that has become widely accepted (5). Numerous patents were granted to American Cyanamid Co. as a result of its display-oriented work. Much of what others have written in the open Hterature either confirms or adds to what these teach. Important papers (16) about... 

The same color variety is not typical with inorganic insertion/extraction materials blue is a common transmitted color. However, rare-earth diphthalocyanine complexes have been discussed, and these exhibit a wide variety of colors as a function of potential (73—75). Lutetium diphthalocyanine [12369-74-3] has been studied the most. It is an ion-insertion/extraction material that does not fit into any one of the groups herein but has been classed with the organics in reviews. Films of this complex, and also erbium diphthalocyanine [11060-87-0] have been prepared successfiiUy by vacuum sublimation and even embodied in soHd-state cells (76,77). 

The reactions of these insertion materials, except for LiMnO, [19, 20], consist of electron and lithium-ion insertion into, or extraction from, each matrix without the destruction of its core structure this is called a topotactic reaction. A series of LiCovNi, v02 (0 < y < 1)) and... 

Of these requirements (1) - (4) relating to the energy density and requirements (8) and (10) associated with safety are most important behavior criteria for insertion materials for lithium-ion batteries, even in basic research. 

An Innovative LiAlj/4NiiM02 Insertion Material for Lithium-Ion Batteries... 

Beginning in the early 1980s [20, 21] metallic lithium was replaced by lithium insertion materials having a lower standard redox potential than the positive insertion electrode this resulted in a "Li-ion" or "rocking-chair" cell with both negative and positive electrodes capable of reversible lithium insertion (see recommended papers and review papers [7, 10, 22-28]). Various insertion materials have been proposed for the anode of rechargeable lithium batteries,... 

The thermodynamic properties of magnesium make it a natural choice for use as an anode material in rechargeable batteries, as it may provide a considerably higher energy density than the commonly used lead-acid and nickel-cadmium systems, while in contrast to Pb and Cd, magnesium is inexpensive, environmentally friendly, and safe to handle. However, the development of Mg-ion batteries has so far been limited by the kinetics of Mg " " diffusion and the lack of suitable electrolytes. Actually, in spite of an expected general similarity between the processes of Li and Mg ion insertion into inorganic host materials, most of the compounds that exhibit fast and reversible Li ion insertion perform very poorly in Mg " ions. Hence, there... 

The use of these methods for speciation in solid materials requires that two essential assumptions—electrochemical reversibility and diffusive control—apply. Under these circumstances, theoretical CVs for ion-insertion solids are essentially identical to those for speeies in solution [206]. Since solid-state processes involve coupled... 

There are two main kinds of rechargeable battery based on lithium chemistry the lithium-metal and the lithium-ion battery. In both the positive electrode is a lithium insertion material the negative in the former is lithium metal and in the latter it is a lithium insertion host. The reason for the application in lithium batteries of insertion electrode materials, which are electronic and ionic conductive solid matrixes (inorganic and carbon-based), is that electrochemical insertion reactions are intrinsically simple and highly reversible. 

Figures 13 and 14 display the discharge processes for the two kinds of lithium battery. During discharge at the anode the lithium ions are formed from the lithium metal or are released from an Li,A, B < host material at the cathode the lithium ions are inserted into the void spaces of the structure of the A B insertion material. The lithium-ion battery behaves almost like a concentration cell lithium ions move from a lithium-rich source toward the cathode, which acts as sink, while electrons flow through the external circuit from anode to the cathode.

As Figure 14 shows, the combination of two lithium insertion materials (characterized by two different potentials of the lithium insertion process) yields a cell—the so-called rocking chair battery , after Armand [105] and Scrosati et al. [106]—in which during discharge lithium ions are released from the anode and travel through the electrolyte toward the cathode without variation in the composition of the... 

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