Rocking-chair batteries

In summary, cycling of a lithium ion battery is attended by lithium ions passing through the electrolyte from the negative to the positive electrode on charge, and in the opposite direction on discharge. For this reason the term rocking-chair batteries was coined for batteries of this type. 

Lithium ion batteries use insertion processes for both the positive and negative electrodes, leading to the term rocking chair battery. The resulting transport of Li ions between the electrodes, usually... 

Batteries Metal PCMs should be useful for making rocking chair batteries because one and the same metal ions, for example, potassium ions could be shuttled between the anode and the cathode when suitable compounds are used. The published results indicate that such rocking chair batteries indeed work [109-113] however, their properties are insufficient to be real competitors on the battery market. Despite the rather low voltages, it is also the presence of as-yet unidentified side reactions that reduces the cycleability of the batteries. Further problems are due to the bad adherence of the PCMs to the current collectors. However, it stiU cannot be excluded that technical developments may improve the performance of such batteries so that applications are possible. 

Intercalation of cations into a framework of titanium dioxide is a process of wide interest. This is due to the electrochromic properties associated with the process (a clear blue coloration results from the intercalation) and to the system s charge storage capabilities (facilitated by the reversibility of the process) and thus the potential application in rocking-chair batteries. We have studied alkali-metal intercalation and ion diffusion in the Ti02 anatase and spinel crystals by theoretical methods ranging from condensed-phase ab initio to semiempirical computations [65, 66]. Structure relaxation, electron-density distribution, electron transfer, diffusion paths and activation energies of the ion intercalation process were modeled. 

As the storage on the anode side is similar to the storage on the cathode side if TiS2 is used, the lithium is rocked backward and forward between two intercalation electrodes. This gave rise to the name rocking chair battery. Nowadays, such batteries are termed Li-ion battery, even though it is always Li = Li+ + e that is stored. 

As Figure 14 shows, the combination of two lithium insertion materials (characterized by two different potentials of the lithium insertion process) yields a cell—the so-called rocking chair battery , after Armand [105] and Scrosati et al. [106]—in which during discharge lithium ions are released from the anode and travel through the electrolyte toward the cathode without variation in the composition of the... 

As remarked in section 11.8, materials formed from fullerenes are of interest to develop as anodes for rocking chair batteries. We describe here some of the relevant properties, which depend not on endohedral capture, but rather on interstitial storage or reversible intercallation. 

Lithium-ion batteries are important types of secondary batteries in which lithium ions (Li" ] keep traveling back and forth between the anode and the cathode through the electrolyte in charging/ discharging cycles, thus gaining the name "rocking chair batteries" (see Fig. 6.1] [1-3],... 

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