Iodine failure

The assumed form of iodine is not substantially retained in early containment failure, but may be retained in the reactor coolant system, where cesium iodide is more strongly retained than the elemental iodine assumed by the RSS. 

Answer Use the plant s PSA to determine the risk of accidents that include containment failure from overpressurization. Then make a preliminary design of a vented containment that has sufficiently low impedance to the gas at the pressure predicted for the most severe accident sequences such that the containment is not damaged. This containment bypass will include iodine and HEPA filters as well as scrubbers and a discharge through a stack. Estimate the dose that the population would get using this bypass for comparison with the PSA result for ruptured containment sequences. 

Whereas this study focused on reaction protocol, the effect of the methylene source on selectivity was another important factor which demanded attention. Earlier studies have demonstrated that substitution of chloroiodomethane for diiodomethane leads to an increased reaction rate (Scheme 3.10) [22]. It is, thus, surprising that the use of chloroiodomethane in sub-protocol la leads a slower, less selective reaction. In contrast to the use of diiodomethane ( 100% conversion at 300 min), the reaction of chloroiodomethane only reaches 58% conversion after 300 min. Selectivity is severely reduced, dropping to 75 25 er. The failure of this reagent in the chiral process may be attributed to the obvious differences between the highly polarizable iodine and the more electronegative chlorine atom, although an exact analysis of the difference is not clear. 

There is a risk of acute renal failure when iodi-nated contrast material that is used for radiological studies is administered with metformin. Metformin therapy is stopped for 48 hours before and after radiological studies using iodinated material. Alcohol, amiloride, digoxin, morphine, procainamide, quini-dine, quinine ranitidine, triamterene, trimethoprim, vancomycin, cimetidine, and furosemide all increase the risk of hypoglycemia. There is an increased risk of lactic acidosis when metformin is administered with the glucocorticoids. 

Toxic adenomas may result in hyperthyroidism with larger nodules. Because there may be isolated elevation of serum T3 with autonomously functioning nodules, a T3 level must be measured to rule out T3 toxicosis if the T4 level is normal. After a radioiodine scan demonstrates that the toxic thyroid adenoma collects more radioiodine than the surrounding tissue, independent function is documented by failure of the autonomous nodule to decrease its iodine uptake during exogenous T3 administration. 

The vast majority of hypothyroid patients have thyroid gland failure (primary hypothyroidism). The causes include chronic autoimmune thyroiditis (Hashimoto s disease), iatrogenic hypothyroidism, iodine deficiency, enzyme defects, thyroid hypoplasia, and goitrogens. 

Gerson MC, Craft LL, McGuire N, Suresh DP, Abraham WT, Wagoner LE. Carvedilol improves left ventricular function in heart failure patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy and a wide range of sympathetic nervous system function as measured by iodine 123 metaiodoben-zylguanidine. J Nucl Cardiol 2002 9 608-615... 

Emission resulting from chemical oxidation of anion radicals has now been obtained under a variety of conditions. A summary of the conditions and a qualitative characterization of the reported results can be found in Table I. Several reported failures to observe emission have been included in the table where these results may have special significance. That the oxidizing power of the oxidant influences the emission can be seen by the finding that chlorine and bromine, but not iodine, act on the anion radical of 9,10-diphenylanthracene to produce emission. 

G. F. Schonbein, as previously indicated, found that when iodine water is mixed with potassium hydroxide, the analogy of the product with soln. of the hypo-bromites and hypochlorites shows that potassium hypoiodite is in all probability formed by a reversible reaction, 2KOH +I2 KI +KOI+H20, and that, when in equilibrium, the addition of potassium iodide will reverse the reaction, forming free iodine and potassium hydroxide. Hence, (i) the amount of potassium hydroxide required to complete the reaction must be greater than is indicated by the equation, as was found to be the case by R. L. Taylor and (ii) the failure of many to obtain evidence of bleaching soln. of hypoiodite when soln. of iodine in potassium iodide are employed. If a large excess of potassium iodide is present, this will prevent... 

Sinniah R, Lye WC. Acute renal failure from hemoglobinu-ric and interstitial nephritis secondary to iodine and mefe-namic acid. Clin Nephrol 2001 55(3) 254-8. 

Campistol JM, Abad C, Nogue S, Bertran A. Acute renal failure in a patient treated by continuous povidone-iodine mediastinal irrigation. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino) 1988 29(4) 410-2. 

Manfro RC, Comerlato L, Berdichevski RH, Ribeiro AR, Denicol NT, Berger M, Saitovitch D, Kott WJ, Goncalves LF. Nephrotoxic acute renal failure in a renal transplant patient with recurrent lymphocoele treated with povidone-iodine irrigation. Am J Kidney Dis 2002 40 655-7. 

Ryan M, Al-Sammak Z, Phelan D. Povidone-iodine mediastinal irrigation a case of acute renal failure. J Cardiothorac Vase Anesth 1999 13 729-31. 

All patients admitted to a hospital during 6 months who had taken at least one dose of metformin were retrospectively evaluated for susceptibility factors for metformin-associated lactic acidosis (8). There were 263 hospitalizations in 204 patients. In 71 admissions there was at least one contraindication, such as renal or liver disease, renal dysfunction, congestive cardiac failure, metabolic acidosis, or an intravenous iodinated contrast medium given within 48 hours of metformin. In 29 (41%) metformin was continued despite the contraindication. The most frequent contraindication was a raised serum creatinine, but in only eight of the 32 admissions was metformin withdrawn. Of nine patients using metformin who died (not necessarily directly related to metformin), six had an absolute contraindication. In two patients who died and in one who survived, blood lactate was increased and this was temporally related to the use of metformin. 

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