Iodine disorders

The two Ni(omtbp)Ix materials isolated following oxidation with iodine have very different stoichiometries, x = 1.08 0.01 and 2.9 0.3, and represent the only case to date in which a porphyrinic metallomacrocycle has yielded crystals at different levels of partial oxidation. The crystal structure for the x = 1.08125 material exhibits columns of macrocycles, as illustrated in Fig. 2 a and 20. The iodine occurs as If chains which parallel the macrocyclic columns, and which exhibit an interesting one-dimensional disorder. The iodine disorder in Ni(omtbp)I1.08 is much more severe than that found in the Ni(pc)I2) or Ni(tbp) 132 1 systems (see below). In order to solve the structure of Ni(omtbp)Ii.08, the disordered iodine atom had to be treated as a statistical distribution of electron density, with the fit for both cosine and triangle-shaped distributions being comparable (Fig. 29). 

We have proposed an electronic Peierls distorsion by assuming a full charge transfer the superstructure will be commensurate three times the lattice spacing in the stack direction. The main problem is to compare structural investigations and physical properties because thB first ones furnish informations about iodine disorder mainly and the second ones have to deal with TCNQ only. 

In either solvent, alcohol or carbon tetrachloride, the dissolving process destroys the regular crystal lattice of iodine and forms the disordered solution. The dissolving process increases ran-... 

Iodine monobromide forms an intercalate with limiting composition CsIjBrj-j (C9) when natural graphite is used. Higher stages CgljcBri-x and C,2ljBr, x have also been shown to exist (C9). An order-disorder transition within IBr layers occurs at -60°C (CIO). 

AgsSBr, /3-AgsSI, and a-AgsSI are cationic conductors due to the structural disorder of the cation sublattices. AgsSI (see Fig. 5) has been discussed for use in solid-electrolyte cells (209,371, 374,414-416) because of its high silver ionic conductivity at rather low temperatures (see Section II,D,1). The practical use seems to be limited, however, by an electronic part of the conductivity that is not negligible (370), and by the instability of the material with respect to loss of iodine (415). 

Iodine and bromine adsorb onto Au(l 11) from sodium iodide or sodium bromide solutions under an applied surface potential with the surface structure formed being dependent on the applied potential [166]. The iodine adsorbate can also affect gold step edge mobility and diffusion of the Au surface. Upon deposition of a layer of disordered surface iodine atoms, the movement of gold atoms (assisted by the 2-dimensional iodine gas on the terrace) from step edges out onto terraces occurs. However, this diffusion occurs only at the step edge when an ordered adlayer is formed [167]. 

Fig. 5 Scatterplot derived from the CSD reporting the N- I-C angle (deg) vs. the N- I distance (A) for crystal structures containing intermolecular N- I contacts only error-free and non-polymeric structures containing single-bonded iodine atoms and showing no disorder with R < 0.06 are considered. The scatterplot clearly demonstrates the high directionality of the N- I XB...

From l,l,-/)i.v-(3-methyl-4-imidazoline-2-selone)methane with iodine bromide, a solid compound containing disordered molecules with T-shaped CSeI2 and Br-Se(C)-I functions in the same crystal was isolated from 1,2-fe-(3-methyl-4-imidazoline-2-selone)ethane with iodine bromide, a solid... 

Iodine, most ancient of the therapeutic agents for thyroid disorders, inhibits the secretion of thyroid hormone by retarding both the pinocyto-sis of colloid and proteolysis. This effect is observed in euthyroid as well as hyper thyroid persons. 

A number of dietary deficiencies may increase the risk of deleterious cyanide effects. Iodine deficiency is involved in the etiology of such thyroid disorders as goiter and cretinism. These disorders may be exacerbated by excess exposure to cyanide (Delange and Ermans 1971 Ermans et al. 1972). Protein deficiencies and vitamin B12, riboflavin and other vitamins and elemental deficiencies may subject people... 

Thilly CH, Swennen B, Bourdoux P, et al. 1993. The epidemiology of iodine-deficiency disorders in relation to goitrogenic factors and thyroid-stimulating-hormone regulation. Am J Clin Nutr 57(2 Suppl) 267S-270S. 

The formation of l from 1 had been postulated by Vetter [8a]. From the above information we can make the following conclusions (a) l" (atom-free radical) can be produced electrochemically, (b) l" does react with pyridine and may react with similar compounds and (c) recombination of l" may be slow in solution phase. Molecular iodine (di-iodine) the radio-isotope, is being used in the treatment of thyroid disorder. One can ask the question is there any biologically beneficial or toxic effect of iodine atom. There has been no study [8b]. 

Eastman CJ, Zimmermann MB (2009) The iodine deficiency disorders. Thyroidmanager.org. http //www.thyroidmanager.org/Chapter20/20-frame.htm... 

WHO/UNICEF/ICCIDD (1991) Global prevalence of iodine deficiency disorders. Micronutrient Deficiency Information System Working Paper No. I. Geneva, WHO... 

Mineral deficiencies are not uncommon and can have quite a variety of causes—e. g., an unbalanced diet, resorption disturbances, and diseases. Calcium deficiency can lead to rickets, osteoporosis, and other disturbances. Chloride deficiency is observed as a result of severe Cr losses due to vomiting. Due to the low content of iodine in food in many regions of central Europe, iodine deficiency is widespread there and can lead to goiter. Magnesium deficiency can be caused by digestive disorders or an unbalanced diet—e.g., in alcoholism. Trace element deficiencies often result in a disturbed blood picture—i. e., forms of anemia. 

Angermayr L, Clar C. Iodine supplementation for preventing iodine deficiency disorders in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004. 

Delange RF, Hetzel B. The iodine deficiency disorders. In DeGroot LJ, editor. Thyroid disease manager 2006. 

Hetzel BS, Pandav CS, editors. SOS for a billion people the conquest of iodine deficiency disorders. Oxford (UK) Oxford University Press 1994. 

WHO. WHO assessment of iodine deficiency disorders and monitoring their elimination. A guide for programme managers. 2nd ed. Geneva (Switzerland) World Health Organization 2001. 

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