Invention of Paper

A few years ago, literary agent John Brockman asked me what I thought the most important invention was of the last 2,000 years. My response was paper. In 105 ad, Ts ai Lun reported the invention of paper to the Chinese Emperor. Ts ai Lun was an official to the Chinese Imperial court, and I consider his early form of paper to be humanity s most important invention and progenitor of the Internet. Although recent archaeological evidence places the actual invention of papermaking 200... 

Paper, one of man s most essential commodities, was first made in the Orient about 2,000 years ago. Credit for the invention of paper has been given to T sai Lun, a member of the Imperial Guard and Privy Councillor, who conceived the idea of making paper from old rags, flax, hemp, rice stalks and tree bark (11). The Chinese macerated fibers from these materials in water and drained the suspension on a mold covered with silk cloth. The fiber mats were removed and dried in the sun to form paper. This uniqueness is attested to by its slow communication to other parts of the world five hundred years to reach Korea and Japan six hundred years to Samarkand and the Arab world and one thousand years to Europe, and even later to America in 1690. During that period, rags of cotton, flax, jute, and hemp conprised the sole source of raw materials used in paper manufacture. 

Ling,S. Ling, M. Baric Cloth. Impressed Pottery, and the Inventions of Paper and Printing. Ins. Ethnology Academia sinca Nanking, Taipei, Taiwan, 1963. 

More than a thousand years passed between the invention of paper and its introduction into Spain by the Moors. After learning the trade at Samarkand, the Arabs monopolized papermaking in the West for five centuries. Not until Spain was captured by the Moors did papermaking spread to Europe. 

Carter, T. F. The invention of paper in China. New York Columbia University Press, 1925. 

Starch has been used in papennaldng almost since the invention of paper. The global paper industry consumes almost 5 million tonnes of starch per year, making starch the third most important raw material in papermaking. Roughly 20% of Ihis is used in the wet-end. 

Paper made from cellulose fibers was invented in China in the year 105. The method of making paper was a closely guarded secret for centuries. Control of paper manufacturing in Renaissance Italy was a source of great economic and political power, much like paper money is in modern times. Civilization likely would not exist in its present form without the invention of paper and the printing press, both of which enabled mass communication and literacy. 

The precursors of paper were papyrus and parchment, which were used for writing as early as 3000 BC in Egypt. In China, strips of bamboo or wood were used for writing and drawing before the discovery of paper. The invention of paper has been attributed to Ts ai Lun in AD 105, who produced a uniform writing-material paper from felted plant fibers [3]. The original paper was made in China from rags, bark... 

A singly black developing leuco dye was ultimately realized by the invention of 2 -anilino-6 -diethylamino-3 -methylfluoran (12).6 Fluoran 12 skillfully utilizes the steric hindrance of a methyl group at 3 -position to develop black color (see discussion below). Practically all black developing fluoran compounds marketed today are derivatives of 12, though each has an individual characteristic, especially for use in thermosensitive recording papers. 

Confirming that curved lines are the nemesis of the biochemist, at least three or more different transformations of the Michaelis-Menten equation have been invented (actually four)—each one of which took two people to accomplish (Fig. 8-5). The purpose of these plots is to allow you to determine the values of Km and VmaK with nothing but a ruler and a piece of paper and to allow professors to take a straightforward question about the Michaelis-Menten expression and turn it upside down (and/or backward). You might think that turning a backward quantity like Km upside down would make everything simpler—somehow it doesn t work that way. 

In this paper the author presents some of his contributions to the theory and practice of the cationic polymerisation (CP) of alkenes since 1944. The first phase of his work at the University of Manchester comprises the discovery of co-catalysis by water with TiCl4, the invention of the pseudo-Dewar reaction vessel, the use of trichloroacetic acid as co-catalyst, and the disproof of the alleged cationic isomerisation of cis-stilbene. 

Section 1.2 deals with the time period from Dalton to the discovery of isotopes by Soddy and Fajans. Much of the discussion elaborates on the type of material found in introductory chemistry texts. It ends with the discovery of radioactivity by Becquerel and the developments which quickly followed. Section 1.3 starts with the discovery of the concept of isotopes in the early years of the twentieth century and ends with the invention of the mass spectrograph in 1922 by Aston. The literature relating to the work leading up to the 1913 papers by Soddy and Fajans is well and... 

Barton, D. H. R. Beaton, J. M. Geller, L. E. Pechet, M. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1960, 82, 2640. In 1960, Derek Barton took a vacation in Cambridge, Massachusetts he worked in a small research institute called the Research Institute for Medicine and Chemistry. In order to make the adrenocortical hormone aldosterol. Barton invented the Barton nitrite photolysis by simply writing down on a piece of paper what he thought would be an ideal process. His skilled collaborator. Dr. John Beaton, was able to reduce it to practice. They were able to make 40 to 50 g of aldosterol at a time when the total world supply was only about 10 mg. Barton considered it his most satisfying piece of work. 

Chemistry can provide the answers to a wide variety of perplexing problems what happens to paper when it burns what is water made of why are lemons sour One aspect of chemistry deals with finding out what things are made of - this involves breaking down complex chemical substances into their basic constituents. The other side of chemistry is concerned with the invention of new materials, such as plastics, medicines, and even new foodstuffs. 

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