Invention commercialization utilization

A patent does not only contain patent claims in order to exclude others from using the invention commercially, the patent specification also contains a technical teaching to solve a problem and thus contributes to the advancement of science and technology. A patent cannot be granted for something that is not innovative or is already in the public domain. Novelty, (industrial) utility and inventiveness are the three prerequisites for a patentable invention which must be fulfilled to ensure that a patent serves its purpose. 

In the United States, usefulness is a very broad concept and does not mean a commercial utility is in hand. In the pharmaceutical field, a showing of in vitro test results that have some nexus with treating a physiological condition is sufficient to meet this requirement. If, however, the invention is useful only as a scientific curiosity, this requirement is not met. Chemical intermediates may or may not have the required usefulness. If they are useful to prepare products that are themselves useful then they are patentable. However, intermediates that are only useful to prepare compounds with no utility are not patentable. 

At issue was the priority of invention of crystalline polypropylene, a plastic with considerable commercial utility and value . 

In the 19th century, the commercial utilization of natural gas began in Europe and North America. An essential contribution to this was the invention of the Bunsen burner by Robert Bunsen in the year 1885. With this device, natural gas could be mixed with air in the proper ratio to enable safe combustion. 

The SCR process was originally invented and patented in the U.S. in 1959 however, its first applications were primarily limited to nitric acid plant pollution control (Anderson et al., 1961). Initial development of SCR technology included laboratory studies, which led to the evaluation of many catalyst materials and formulations, life test evaluations, and optimum process design (Campobenedetto and Murataka, 1990). The first commercial utility application of the process was in Japan in 1978 (Campobenedetto and Murataka, 1990). and commercialization in Germany began in 1985 (Goukerand Brundrett, 1991). 

The fuel eell is a nineteenth eentuiy invention in the twentieth eentury it heeame the heart of an eleetroehemical power plant and power souree, whieh is now in a stage of advaneed technology development. Its first and only applieation since the early 1960s, has been as an auxiliary power souree for spaee flights by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). During the past decade, development for terrestrial (eivihan and defense) applieations has led to its commercialization and research on utilization in a variety of applications. Programs in the United States, Japan, Europe, and some other eoimtries are focused on the development of fuel cell power plant/power sources for (1) base-load,... 

The first photoelectric fhiorimeter was described by Jette and West in 1928. The instrument, which used two photoemissive cells, was employed for studying the quantitative effects of electrolytes upon the fluorescence of a series of substances, including quinine sulfate [5], In 1935, Cohen provides a review of the first photoelectric fluorimeters developed until then and describes his own apparatus using a very simple scheme. With the latter he obtained a typical analytical calibration curve, thus confirming the findings of Desha [33], The sensitivity of these photoelectric instruments was limited, and as a result utilization of the photomultiplier tube, invented by Zworykin and Rajchman in 1939 [34], was an important step forward in the development of suitable and more sensitive fluorometers. The pulse fhiorimeter, which can be used for direct measurements of fluorescence decay times and polarization, was developed around 1950, and was initiated by the commercialization of an adequate photomultiplier [35]. 

In general, a patent can be granted for an invention which is new (the novelty requirement), is not obvious (the inventive step requirement), is commercially or industrially useful (the utility requirement) and is not otherwise barred by law from being the subject of a patent (for example, at least at the European Patent Office (EPO) plant and animal varieties are not patentable, and inventions the publication or exploitation of which are contrary to morahty are not patentable). The requirements for a patentable invention are outlined in Table 12.1. 

There has never been a doubt that the US Patent and Trademark office consisting of a db of well over 7,500,000 records is one of the lesser utilized scientific resources. It is in this domain that the most commercially viable chemical/scientific inventions are described. In purely academic circles this db is shunned. 

Another popular and selective extraction technique widely used in bioanalysis is solid phase extraction (SPE). SPE is a separation process utilizing the affinity of the analytes to a solid stationary phase. By manipulating the polarity and pH of the mobile phase, the analytes of interest or undesired impurities pass through stationary phase sequentially according to their physical and chemical properties. For a SPE procedure, a wash step refers to the elution of the unwanted impurities which are discarded and the elution step refers to the elution of the analytes of interest which are collected. While the fundamental remains the same in decades, the continuing invention and introduction of new commercial stationary phases and accessory devices have boosted the application of SPE in bioanalysis and many other fields. 

As hereinbefore pointed out, the 5-(tertiary alkyl)resorcinols thus prepared in accordance with this invention are important intermediates in the preparation of useful drugs. For example, 5-(l,l-dimethyl-heptyl)resorcinol is utilized in the preparation of l-hydroxy-3-(l,l-dimethylheptyl)-6,6a,7,8,9,l 0,10a-hexahydro-6,6-dimethyl-9H-dibenzo[b,d]pyran-9-one, which compound is extremely useful in the treatment of depression in humans, as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,928,598, 3,944,673, and 3,953,603. Similarly, 5-(l,l-dimethyl-heptyl)resorcinol is required in the synthesis of3-(l,l-dimethylheptyl)-6a,7,8,9,10,10a-hexahydro-6,6-dimethyl-6H-dibenzo[b,d]pyran-l,9-diol, which compound is useful as a blood-pressure lowering agent. It can thus be seen that a commercially feasible process for preparing 5-(tertiary alkyl)resorcinols in high yield is desirable. 

In the past decade, beta zeolite (given the universal BEA) has rapidly become the catalyst of choice for commercial production of EB and cumene. Mobil invented the basic beta zeolite composition of matter in 1967. Since that time, catalysts utilizing beta have undergone a series of evolutionary steps leading to the development of the state-of-the-art catalysts such as QZ-2000 catalyst and QZ-2001 catalyst for cumene alkylation. 

Toxicity screening of complex mixtures following separation on a HPTLC plate is a new technique invented by Bayer. Now ChromaDex (see Section 12.5 for the address) has incorporated this technology into a commercial kit (Bioluminex ) utilizing the bioluminescent bacteria. Vibrio fischeri. CAMAG has marketed the BioLumini-zer for the detection and documentation (see Section 8.8). 

Utility is met by stating that a function is served by the invention and that it has a value, even if the value is only potential. Commercial viability is not a requirement of utility. Nor is the inclusion of laboratory test data, except in inventions where such data are normally considered necessary by those skilled in the art (the scientific community) to establish that the invention will serve its stated function. 

On the other hand, in some cases it may be advisable to permit a utilization of the patent process in order to foster an adequate commercial development to make a new invention widely available. Moreover, it is recognized that inventions frequently arise in the course of research activities which also receive substantial support from other sources, as well as from the Federal grant.. .. In all these cases the Department has a responsibility to see that the public use of the fruits of the research will not be unduly restricted or denied. 

Although the chemistry of the reaction of formaldehyde with urea and other amino compounds was investigated much earlier, the first useful product did not come on the market until the 1920s. The first commercial application for amino resins was in molding compounds and utilized a resin made with an equimolar combination of urea and thiourea, the invention of Edmond C. Rossiter ( ). The Beetle brand name was applied to the new molding compound and has remained prominent in amino resins ever since. It is of special interest that the very first commercial product based on amino resins should be a complex formulation such as a molding compound. 

The basic concepts of atomic absorption spectrometry were published first by Walsh in 1955, this can be regarded as the actual birth year of the technique. At the same time Alkemade and Milatz designed an atomic absorption spectrometer in which flames were employed both as a radiation source and an atomizer. The commercial manufacture of atomic absorption instruments, however, did not start until ten years later. Since then the development of atomic absorption spectrometry has been very fast, and atomic absorption (AA) instruments very quickly became common. The inventions of dinitrogen oxide as oxidant and electrothermal atomization methods have both significantly expanded the utilization field of atomic absorption spectrometry. These techniques increased the number of measurable elements and lowered detection limits. Todays graphite furnace technique is based on the studies of King at the beginning of the twentieth century. 

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