Intravenous-infusion bags

Figure A.9 Mass of drug remaining in the intravenous infusion bag (Obag) versus time one-compartment drug.

Commercially available containers for use with parenteral products include single-dose ampuls that are heat sealed and opened by snapping at the point of least diameter, vials for multidose use, and botdes and pHable bags that are used for large volumes such as needed in intravenous infusions. Container size can vary from 1 mL to 1 L. Generally volumes up to 100 mL are available as ampuls or vials. 

El-Abbes Faouzi et al. [77] determined the stability of miconazole in various diluents and polyvinyl chloride containers, and the release of diethyl hexyl phthalate from the polyvinyl chloride bags into the intravenous infusion of miconazole. 

Fever, chills, and tachypnea commonly occur shortly after the initial intravenous doses of amphotericin B this is not generally an allergic hypersensitivity to the drug, which is extremely rare. Continued administration of amphotericin B is accomplished by premedication with acetaminophen, aspirin, and/or diphenhydramine or the addition of hydrocortisone to the infusion bag. 

Isosorbide dinitrate adsorbs to PVC plastic intravenous infusion sets from solution. Adsorption and loss of potency could be prevented if stored in glass bottles or polyethylene-, nylon-, or polypropylene-laminated bags.115116... 

Droperidol Droperidol has pH-dependent incompatibility with many drugs. It is not compatible with nafcillin sodium, fluorouracil, folic acid, frusemide, heparin, methotrexate, or barbiturates. Droperidol should not be stored in PVC bags containing intravenous infusions, although some solutions appear to be stable.157... 

The client is receiving an intravenous infusion of heparin. The bag hanging has... 

As seen above, MRT for an intravenous infusion includes the average time spent in the infusion bag. For multicompartmental distribution, MRT includes time spent in the central compartment as well as in any tissue compartments. For an orally administered drug, MRT includes average time spent in the gastrointestinal tract. 

Parecoxib sodium, reconstituted with the solvent indicated in the SmPC, diluted in an infusion bag/bottle 100 mL, administered intravenously... 

Interactions of lipophilic nutrition components with the surfaces of the containers and administration devices may occur. Nutrition components can be adsorbed or absorbed by plastic materials and components of the plastic materials can be leached. Vitamin A is absorbed by polyvinyl chloride containing infusion bags and intravenous tubing [61]. 

Additives in PVC for infusion bags are stabilisers and plasticisers. By adding a plasticiser a flexible, soft plastic is formed. The amount of plasticiser in PVC can rise to 60 % of the total weight. Plasticisers that are often used are di (2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) and dioctylphthalate (DOP). DEHP is the only softener that the Ph. Eur. allows to be used in PVC as material in containers for blood, blood products and aqueous solutions that are used for intravenous infusion. In this case the amount of DEHP in PVC should not be more than 40 % [7]. 

Plastic bags can be used to package medicines. They are primary containers for sterile irrigations, intravenous infusion solutions, blood transfusion and enemas. For these uses special attachments are necessary such as luer-lock catheter coimector sites or rubber puncture sites. 

PN admixtures can be prepared by mixing all components into one bag [3-in-l admixture or a total nutrient admixture (TNA)] or by mixing and infusing dextrose, amino acids, and all other components together and infusing intravenous lipid emulsion separately (2-and-l admixture). 

Patient case A patient s daily nutritional requirements have been estimated to be 100 g protein and 2,000 total kcal. The patient has a central venous access and reports no history of hyperlipidemia or egg allergy. The patient is not fluid restricted. The PN solution will be compounded as an individualized regimen using a single-bag, 24-hour infusion of a 2-in-1 solution with intravenous fat emulsion (IVFE) piggybacked into the PN infusion line. Determine the total PN volume and administration rate by calculating the macronutrient stock solution volumes required to provide the desired daily nutrients. The stock solutions used to compound this regimen are 10% crystalline amino acids (CAA), 70% dextrose, and 20% IVFE. 

A 1000-mL bag of intravenous solution contains 2.5 million units of ampicillin. How many units of the drug will have been infused after 6 hours with the flow rate of 1.2 mL/minute ... 

Limits for DEFIP in formulations stored in PVC bags are not set in pharmaco-peial compendia. The BP prescribes a standard test whose results should show that the amount of DEFIP extracted by action of ether on PVC bags does not exceed 40% of the polymer mass. This test is valid for PVC for all uses Dry dosage forms, noninjectable aqueous solutions, intravenous aqueous infusions, blood and blood components, and tubing used in sets for blood and blood components. On the other... 

Intravenous (IV) delivery has two variations injection and infusion. In an injection, the entire dose is rapidly placed in a vein via a syringe and needle. The dose is called an IV bolus. An IV infusion, sometimes called an IV drip, involves administering a drug from an IV bag over a predetermined amount of time. The concentration of the drug solution and IV drip rate determine the eventual drug concentration in the patients blood. 

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