Intolerence sodium

In an attempt to conserve sodium, the kidney secretes renin increased plasma renin activity increases the release of aldosterone, which regulates the absorption of potassium and leads to kafluresis and hypokalemia. Hypokalemia is responsible in part for decreased glucose intolerance (82). Hyponatremia, postural hypotension, and pre-renal azotemia are considered of tittle consequence. Hypemricemia and hypercalcemia are not unusual, but are not considered harmful. However, hypokalemia, progressive decreased glucose tolerance, and increased semm cholesterol [57-88-5] levels are considered... 

Calvo N, Sanchez-Fructuoso Al, Conesa J, Moreno A, Barrientos A. (2006) Renal transplant patients with gastrointestinal intolerability to mycophenolate mofetil Conversion to enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium. Transplant Proc 38 1396-2391. 

Cefditoren contains sodium caseinate, a milk protein. Do not administer cefditoren to patients with milk protein hypersensitivity (not lactose intolerance). 

Causes are largely unclear complaints of food intolerances are often made, but clear evidence of specific and consistent adverse effects is hard to obtain (a distinction is drawn here from genuine dietary allergy which responds to avoidance of the offending item, for instance shellfish, and use of oral sodium cromoglicate). The basis of irritable bowel syndrome rests somewhere in the hinterland of perception of dysfunction, and otherwise normal but exaggerated physiological colonic responses. 

During the main manufacturing process it is possible, by using aluminum and sodium compounds, to feed the recycle alcohol more than 1000 times without risking an intolerable deterioration of the color number. 

Of the prophylactic agents, hydration is unanimously endorsed, Its theorized mechanism of action is the enhancement of renal perfusion and, conversely, the minimization of ischemia. While it has become the standard of care based on a multitude of early trials (85,86), no large, prospective studies have been conducted. The optimal method of hydration has yet to be decided, with one study showing benefit of normal saline (0.9% NS) over half NS (0.45%) (87), and another study suggesting that 154 mEq/L of sodium bicarbonate is superior to NS alone, Of note, the total volume in the latter study was less than that was used in other trials, making it difficult to compare (88). Thus, currently, NS should be used unless the patient is highly intolerant to volume administration, In such a case, 154 mEq/L of sodium bicarbonate can be administered over a shorter time period,... 

Loop diuretics (especially as i.v. boluses) potentiate ototoxicity of aminoglycosides and nephrotoxicity of some cephalosporins. NSAIDs tend to cause sodium retention which counteracts the effect of diuretics the mechanism may involve inhibition of renal prostaglandin formation. Diuretic treatment of a patient taking lithium can precipitate toxicity from this drug (the increased sodium loss is accompanied by reduced lithium excretion). Reference is made above to drug treatments which, when combined with diuretics, may lead to hyper-kalaemia, hypokalaemia, hyponatraemia, or glucose intolerance. 

A suggested course. Start a patient on ferrous sulphate taken on a full stomach once, then twice, then thrice a day. If gut intolerance occurs, stop the iron and reintroduce it with one week for each step. If this seems to cause gastrointestinal upset, try ferrous gluconate, succinate or fumarate. If simple preparations (above) are unsuccessful, and this is unlikely, then the pharmaceutically sophisticated and expensive sustained-release preparations may be tried. They release iron slowly and only after passing the pylorus, from resins, chelates (sodium iron edetate) or plastic matrices, e.g. Slow-Fe, Ferrograd, Feospan, so that iron is released in the lower rather than the upper small intestine. Patients who cannot tolerate standard forms even when taken with food may get as much iron with fewer unpleasant symptoms if they use a sustained-release formulation. 

Meyers S, Sachar DB, Present DH, Janowitz HD. Olsalazine sodium in the treatment of ulcerative colitis among patients intolerant of sulfasalazine. A prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, doseranging clinical trial. Gastroenterology 1987 93(6) 1255-62. 

An intolerable metallic taste appeared and disappeared in a 48-year-old woman within hours of infusion of bupivacaine via an axillary catheter, and its severity changed with the rate of infusion (71). The mechanism was postulated to be through sodium channels or taste bud disturbances. 

The symptoms of lactose intolerance are caused by the osmotic effect of the unabsorbed lactose, which increases water and sodium levels in the lumen. Unabsorbed lactose, upon reaching the colon, can be fermented by colonic flora, which produces gas, causing abdominal distension and discomfort. A lactose tolerance test has been developed based on the measurement of blood glucose level and the hydrogen level in the breath. However, its usefulness has been questioned as the test is based on a 50 g dose of lactose. 

I Adverse Effects. Side effects (see Table 54—6) of carbamazepine may fluctuate daily, paralleling the rise and decline of serum concentrations. The side-effect profile also may follow a circadian rhythm. Neurosensory side effects (e.g., diplopia, blurred vision, nystagmus, ataxia, unsteadiness, dizziness, and headache) are the most common, occurring in 35% to 50% of patients. These side effects are more common during initiation of therapy and may dissipate with continued treatment. Patients have variable threshold concentrations for the occurrence of CNS side effects. If the carbamazepine serum concentration is kept below the individual threshold, the CNS side effects can be minimized. Dosage manipulation, including the use of the controlled- or sustained-release preparations, should be tried before the patient is considered to be intolerant of carbamazepine. Carbamazepine may induce a hyponatremic hyposmolar condition that is similar to the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion. The incidence may increase with age. Periodic determinations of serum sodium concentration are recommended, especially in the elderly." ... 

Depakene or Depakote (sodium valproate or valproic acid) Medications commonly used as mood stabilizers for the following reasons (a) inadequate response or intolerance to antipsychotics or lithium (b) manic symptoms (c) rapid cycling of the condition (d) EEG abnormalities and... 

Olsalazine (1 g/day in 2 divided doses) is indicated for maintenance of remission of ulcerative colitis in patients intolerant to sulfasalazine (see Figure 91). Olsalazine sodium is a sodium salt of a sahcylate compound that is effectively bioconverted to 5-aminosahcyhc add (mesalamine 5-ASA), which has antunflammatory activity in ulcerative colitis. Approximately 98 to 99% of an oral dose will reach the colon where each molecule is rapidly converted into two molecules of 5-ASA by colonic bacteria and the low prevailing redox potential found in this environment. More than 0.9 g mesalamine would usually be made available in the colon from 1 g olsalazine. The liberated 5-ASA is absorbed slowly, resulting in very high local concentrations in the colon. 

Amiloride (Midamor) Directly increases Na+ excretion and decreases K+ secretion in distal convoluted tubule. Used with other diuretics because K+-sparing effects lessen hypokalemic effects. May correct metabolic alkalosis. HYPERkalemia, sodium or water depletion. Patients with diabetes mellitus may develop glucose intolerance. 

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