Intestine purification

Saponins. Although the hypocholesterolemic activity of saponins has been known since the 1950s, thek low potency and difficult purification sparked Htde interest in natural saponins as hypolipidemic agents. Synthetic steroids (292, 293) that are structurally related to saponins have been shown to lower plasma cholesterol in a variety of different species (252). Steroid (292) is designated CP-88,818 [99759-19-0]. The hypocholesterolemic agent CP-148,623 [150332-35-7] (293) is not absorbed into the systemic ckculation and does not inhibit enzymes involved in cholesterol synthesis, release, or uptake. Rather, (293) specifically inhibits cholesterol absorption into the intestinal mucosa (253). As of late 1996, CP-148,623 is in clinical trials as an agent that lowers blood concentrations of cholesterol (254). 

The most common source of commercial heparin has become pig intestinal-mucosa, from which somewhat more than 100 mg of heparin per kg of tissue is usually obtained.32 Data on the content of heparin in organs of different animal species (summarized in Refs. 7 and 14) are probably not strictly comparable with each other, because of different extraction and purification procedures used in different laboratories, and supposedly different recoveries from different tissues. 

O Noren, H Sjostrom, L Josefsson. Studies on a soluble dipeptidase from pig intestinal mucosa. I. Purification and specificity. Biochem Biophys Acta 327 446-456, 1973. 

C. J. Campbell, L. J. Chantrell, R. Eastmond, Purification and Partial Characterization of Rat Intestinal Cefuroxime Axetil Esterase , Biochem. Pharmacol. 1987, 36, 2317 -2324. 

The enzyme catalyzing the formation of retinal 2 by means of central cleavage of P-carotene 1 has been known to exist in many tissues for quite some time. Only recently, however, the active protein was identified in chicken intestinal mucosa (3) following an improvement of a novel isolation and purification protocol and was cloned in Escherichia coli and BHK cells (4,5). Iron was identified as the only metal ion associated with the (overexpressed) protein in a 1 1 stoichiometry and since a chromophore is absent in the protein heme coordination and/or iron complexation by tyrosine can be excluded. The structure of the catalytic center remains to be elucidated by X-ray crystallography but from the information available it was predicted that the active site contains a mononuclear iron complex presumably consisting of histidine residues. This suggestion has been confirmed by... 

Shin HY et al (2003) Purification and characterization of a a-L-arabinopyranosidase and a-L-arabinofuranosidase from Bifidobacterium breve K-110, a human intestinal anaerobic bacterium metabolizing ginsenoside Rb2 and Rc. Appl Environ Microbiol 69 7116 Park SY et al (2001) Purification and characterization of ginsenoside Rbi-metabohzing P-glucosidase from Fusobacterium K-60, a human intestinal anaerobic bacterium. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 65(5) 1163... 

Rieker, J.P. Swanljung-Collins, H. Montibeller, J. Collins, J.H. Purification and characterization of a calmodulin-dependent myosin heavy chain kinase from intestinal brush border. J. Biol. Chem., 262, 15262-15268 (1987)... 

The spleen is an organ, the main functions of which are the formation and purification ofblood. Blood from the spleen and intestine is passed through the portal vein to the liver for further reactions. The functions of the lungs, kidneys, and liver are described later in the chapter. The coronary arteries, which branch from the aorta, supply blood to the muscles of the heart. 

Center and Behai (49) have resolved 5 -nucleotidase from calf intestinal mucosa into three fractions using DEAE-cellulose chromatography. One of these was obtained free of nonspecific phosphatase. It had a pH optimum of 6-6.5, Mn2+, Mg2+, and Co2+ (1-10 mill) all enhanced activity and complete inactivation was produced with 1 mM EDTA. This enzyme hydrolyzes all 5 -ribonucleotides at similar rates and hydrolyzes 5 -deoxribonucleotides more slowly. These properties indicate that it is strikingly similar to the one obtained from acetone powder preparations of chicken and rat liver (32, 33) and from soluble supernatants of rat liver (36). The other two activities (which were not fully characterized) (49) could possibly have originated from particulate material or membranes because the authors employed deoxycholate in the early phase of purification. 

McClellan, J.B.J., and C.W. Garner. 1980. Purification and properties of human intestine alanine aminopeptidase. Biochim Biophys Acta 613 160. 

Gassama-Diagne, A., Fauvel, J., and Chap, H. (1989) Purification of anew, calcium-independent, high molecular weight phospholipase A2/lysophospholipase (phospholipase B) from guinea pig intestinal brush-border membrane, J. Biol. Chem. 264, 9470-9475. 

When the ultimate objective is to produce bioactive peptides for particular purposes, such as antioxidative or antihypertensive activities, the purification of target peptides from protein hydrolysate can be carried out using UF membranes with or without chromatographic techniques. Jun et al (2004) reported successful preparation of protein hydrolysates from yellowfin sole frame by first using extracted mackerel intestine crude enzyme at pH 10.0 and 50 °C, followed by treatment with pepsin at pH 2.0 and 37 °C. The resultant hydrolysate was further fractionated through five different UF membranes with... 

Lakshmanan MR, Chansang H, and Olson JA (1972) Purification and properties of carotene 15,15 -dioxygenase of rabbit intestine./ourna/ of Lipid Research 13,477-82. 

Brady RO, Gal AE, Kanfer JN, Brady RM (1965) The metabolism of glucocerebrosides. 3. Purification and properties of a glucosyl- and galactosylceramide-cleaving enzyme from rat intestinal tissue. J Biol Chem 240 3766—3770... 

Other macrolide antimicrobials, such as clarithromycin and azithromycin, appear to interact with motilin receptors. Current investigations center on developing motilides that lack antimicrobial activity, thus not disrupting the normal intestinal flora, but have more potent effects on motility. Isolation and purification of motilin receptors will facilitate the development of drugs that have highly specific motilide activity. 

Cholera results from an intestinal infection with the pathogenic bacterium Vibrio choleras that causes a debilitating, and even deadly, diarrhea. Successful treatment of cholera requires effective rehydration with solutions of glucose and salts (Kaper et ai, 1995). Administration of antibiotics decreases the duration of disease (Kaper et a/., 1995) vaccines are only partially effective. Koch, who first described Vibrio cholerae as the causative agent of cholera, suggested that it was a toxin-mediated disease (Koch, 1884). Over a half-century later, the existence of cholera toxin (CT) was demonstrated in cell-free culture filtrates (De, 1959 Dutta eta/., 1959) a decade later, purification of the protein toxin was achieved (Finkelstein and LoSpalluto, 1969). 

Ohishi I, Hama Y (1992) Purification and characterization of heterologous component lls of botulinum C2 toxin. In Microbiol Immunol. 36 221 -9 Ohishi I, Iwasaki M, Sdkaguchi G. (1980) Purification and characterization of two components of botulinum 02 toxin. In Infect Immun. 30 668-73 Ohishi I, Miyake M (1985) Binding of the two components of 02 toxin to epithelial cells and brush borders of mouse intestine. In Infect Immun. 48 769-75 Ohishi I, Tsuyama S (1986) ADP-ribosylation of nonmuscle actin with component I of 02 toxin. In Biochem Biophys Res Comm. 136 802-6 Ohishi I, Yanagimoto A (1992) Visualizations of binding and internalization of two nonlinked protein components of botulinum 02 toxin in tissue culture cells. In Infect Immun. 60 4648-55... 

---