Interventions enhancing

In addition, an exponentially progressing pattern of disease progress (parameterized by a half-life of progression) can reflect a protective benefit of drug treatment if the therapeutic intervention enhances the return to the normal state or shortens the half-life of the recovery process. Equation 20.10 describes the protective benefit ... 

Keywords production decline, economic decline, infill drilling, bypassed oil, attic/cellar oil, production potential, coiled tubing, formation damage, cross-flow, side-track, enhanced oil recovery (EOR), steam injection, in-situ combustion, water alternating gas (WAG), debottlenecking, produced water treatment, well intervention, intermittent production, satellite development, host facility, extended reach development, extended reach drilling. 

As decommissioning approaches and all well intervention opportunities to increase productivity have been exploited, enhanced recovery processes may be considered as a means of recovering a proportion of the remaining hydrocarbons. However, such techniques are generally very sensitive to the oil price, and whilst some are common in onshore developments they can rarely be justified offshore. 

A number of psychosocial treatments for alcohol and other substance use disorders exist and are widely used. In this chapter, we discuss six of these psychotherapies as they are applied to alcohol, cocaine, and opioid dependence brief interventions, motivational enhancement therapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy, behavioral treatments (including contingency management and community reinforcement approaches), behavioral marital therapy, and 12-step facilitation. We also describe studies that examined the efficacy of a medication in combination with one or more of the six psychotherapies. In the second section of the chapter, we highlight research that directly studied the interaction between psychosocial and pharmacological treatments. 

In some pharmacotherapy studies, psychotherapy exposure has been minimized, on the basis of concern that psychotherapy may produce a ceiling effect on improvement in drug or alcohol use, making medication effects difficult to detect. However, a recent meta-analysis revealed that psychosocial interventions, in fact, may enhance pharmacotherapeutic effects (Hopkins et al. 2002). In this review we have also noted instances where psychosocial and medication treatments have had beneficial additive effects. Minimization of psychotherapy in pharmacotherapy trials may be counterproductive, because psychosocial therapies that encourage the patient to remain engaged in treatment may positively affect patients adherence to the medication regimen, a factor that has an effect on alcohol treatment outcomes (Chick et al. 2000 Volpicelli et al. 1997). 

Pharmacologic intervention, primarily with drugs that enhance dopamine concentrations... 

While pharmacologic agents may help prevent relapse, psychotherapy should be the core therapeutic intervention. Motivational enhancement therapy (MET), cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), 12-step facilitation (TSF), behavioral couples therapy (BCT), community reinforcement approaches, and contingency management are the best-studied forms of psychotherapy in this group of patients. 

Multiple pharmacologic interventions are available for the treatment of hypercalcemia (Table 96-10). Furosemide 20 to 40 mg/day may be added to hydration once rehydration has been achieved to avoid fluid overload and enhance renal excretion of calcium. Although effective in relieving symptoms, hydration and diuretics are temporary measures that are useful until the onset of antiresorptive therapy thus hydration and antiresorptive therapy should be initiated simultaneously. 

Abstract. I present preliminary results for a sample of 700 red giants in u> Cen, observed during the Ital-FLAMES Consortium GTO time in May 2003, for the Bologna Project on u Cen. Preliminary Fe and Ca abundances confirm previous results while the metal-poor and intermediate populations show a normal halo o-enhancement of [a/Fe] +0.3, the most metal-rich stars show a significantly lower [a/Fe] +0.1. If the metal-rich stars have evolved within the cluster in a process of self-enrichment, the only way to lower their a-enhancement would be SNe type la intervention. 

---