International Olympic

Stimulant drugs are banned by the International Olympics Committee (IOC) and... 

Stoddart and coworkers [112-115] cyclized bis(bipyridyl)s in the presence of crown ethers to obtain a [2]catenane at a yield of 70%. It is illustrated in Fig. 37. The high yield can be attributed to the 7i-donor-acceptor interaction between the ring and the axle. It was shown that one of the two intercrossed rings moves around the other. The group of Stoddart [116-118] reported [3-5] catenanes (see Fig. 38 for [3]catenane). The [5]catenane of Stoddart et al. [118] was named olympiadane , because it resembles the symbol logo of International Olympic Games, as seen in Fig. 39. 

FSH and hCG also find application in the treatment of male subfertility or related conditions. Both are administered to males exhibiting hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism to stimulate sperm synthesis and normal sexual function. hCG has found limited application in the treatment of prepubertal cryptorchidism (a condition characterized by failure of the testes to descend fully into the scrotum from the abdomen). The ability of this hormone to stimulate testosterone production also caught the attention of some athletes, and, as a result, the International Olympic Committee has banned its use. 

In this competitive world, especially in the sports field, athletes try their best to outperform each other. Unfortunately, some athletes resort to the use of performance-enhancing drugs to attain a competitive edge. Table 11.2 is a list of banned performance-enhancing drugs published by the World Anti-Doping Association (WADA) and the International Olympic Committee (IOC). This list is effective from January 1,2007. 

World Anti-Doping Agency and International Olympic Committee. Prohibited Classes of Substances and Prohibited Methods 2003, WADA, 2003. 

Erythropoietin is one of the drugs banned by the International Olympic Committee. The use of erythropoietin by athletes is based on their hope that increased red blood cell concentration will increase oxygen delivery to muscles and improve performance. 

Stanozolol is an androgenic anabolic steroid used in cases of deficiency in protein synthesis and osteoporosis. In spite of its prohibition by the International Olympic Committee since 1974, this compound has been often abused by athletes and in horse-races to enhance performance (25). In recent times, the discovery of stanozolol at injection sites revealed its illegal use as a growth promoter in breeding, despite the ban in the European Union in effect since 1988 (26). 

In 1992, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) produced a list of approximately 500 banned substances that can be classified into four categories of molecules stimulants, analgesics-narcotics, anabolic steroids and beta-blockers. Several of these active molecules can only be detected by their metabolites in urine. ... 

Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AASs) are added to the International Olympic Committee s list of banned substances. 

International Olympic Committee (IOC) announces that 15-20% of the approximately 600 nutritional supplements the agency tested were adulterated with substances that could lead to positive doping tests. 

National Football League (NFL) joins the National College Athletic Association (NCAA) and the International Olympic Committee (IOC) in issuing a ban on ephedrine use. The NFL ban on ephedrine prohibits NFL players and teams from endorsing products containing ephedrine or companies that sell or distribute those products. 

Because creatine is regulated by the FDA as a dietary supplement and not a drug, the purity of the product is a concern. A test of 100 popular nutritional supplements conducted by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) at the German Sports University in Cologne found that 16 were adulterated with nandrolone, a steroid. Nandrolone was not a listed ingredient on the product label, and most of the creatine products tested originated in the United States. 

As of early 2002, creatine supplementation was not on the list of banned or prohibited supplements of the International Olympic Committee, the United States Olympic Committee, or the NCAA. However, since nutritional supplements are not closely regulated by the FDA, the United States Anti-Doping Agency (the USADA, which oversees drug testing for the USOC) warns that ingestion of any nutritional supplement is at the athlete s own risk. 

The International Olympic Committee stripped Bulgaria s Ivan Ivanov of his silver medal for weightlifting in... 

The Paralympics are also not immune to cases of doping. The IPC, the International Paralympic Committee that oversees the event, uses the same list of banned substances as the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). In fact, two powerlifters tested positive for diuretics in out-of-competition tests before the 2000 Sydney Paralympics, and were banned from those games. However, depending on their medical needs, disabled athletes may successfully apply to therapeutically use certain listed drugs, including diuretics. 

Corticosteroids are used by some athletes and racing horses to enhance their performances. In order to prohibit drug doping, many sport organizations, e.g., International Olympic Committee, attempt to monitor the corticosteroids in urine of athletes. An example of earlier GC-MS method in steroid screen consists of procedures of deconjugation of glucuronide and sulfate, derivatization with MSTFA and GC-MS analysis [98], The more recent LC-MS/MS methods separate the corticosteroids by... 

Ben Johnson, Steve Vezina, Eric Lamaze—all of these athletes tested positive for performanceenhancing substances that are banned by the International Olympic Committee (IOC). Who conducts the tests for these substances Meet Dr. Christiane Ayotte, head of Canada s Doping Control Laboratory since 1991. 

There follow illustrations of the mechanisms by which drugs can enhance performance in various sports naturally, these are proscribed by the authorities (International Olympic Committee (IOC) Medical Commission, and the governing bodies of individual sports). 

Switzerland is also home to many international organisations including the World Health Organisation (WHO), the International Red Cross, several United Nations organisations, the World Trade Organisation (WTO), the International Olympic Committee QOC), the Bank for International Settlements, and the International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Associations (IFPMA). 

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