Internal cerebral vein

Herrmann KA, Sporer B, Yousry TA (2004) Thrombosis of the internal cerebral vein associated with transient unilateral thalamic edema a case report and review of the literature. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 25 1351-1355 Higgins JNP, Gillard JH, Owler BK et al (2004) MR venography in idiopathic intracranial hypertension unappreciated and misunderstood. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 75 621-625... 

Fig. 18.1. Venous anatomy in digital subtraction angiography (DSA) in lateral projection. FV, frontal veins PV, parietal veins OV, occipital veins SSS, superior sagittal sinus ISS, inferior sagittal sinus TS, transverse sinus SIS, sigmoid sinus IJV, internal jugular vein SS, straight sinus CS, confluens sinuum VL, vein of I.abbe SV, sylvian vein CS, cavernous sinus VG, vein of Galen 1CV, internal cerebral vein IJV, internal jugular vein...

The venous anatomy is very variable. Venous blood flows centrally via the deep cerebral veins and peripherally via the superficial cerebral veins into the dural venous sinuses, which lie between the outer and meningeal inner layer of the dura and drain into the internal jugular veins (Stam 2005) (Fig. 4.4). The cerebral veins do not have valves and are thin walled, and the blood flow is often in the same direction as in neighboring arteries. There are numerous venous connections between the cerebral veins and the dural sinuses, the venous system of the meninges, skull, scalp, and nasal sinuses, allowing infection or thrombus to propagate between these vessels. 

The ReviveFlow system (ReviveFlow, Inc., Quincy, MA) is a novel method of cerebral flow reversal in which a balloon guide catheter is placed in the cervical internal carotid arteries and jugular veins on one or both sides of the neck. The balloons are subsequently inflated and blood is aspirated via an external pump system from the proximal 1C A and infused in the distal internal jugular vein. The end result is total reversal of the cerebral circulation and perfusion of the venous system with arterial blood into the capillary bed, which is now physiologically proximal to the occluded artery. This device is currently undergoing precliifical smdies. 

Arterial blood was sampled from the femoral artery to reflect cerebral arterial blood. Venous blood was sampled from the superior bulb of the internal jugular vein. After the subject had breathed nitrous oxide for 10 minutes, the concentrations in the brain and cerebral venous blood were close enough to equilibrium to allow calculation of brain NjO concentration from the measured cerebral venous concentration at that time and the relative solubility (i.e., partition coefficient) of N2O in brain and blood. 

The posterior cerebral artery supplies the occipital lobe and portions of the medial and inferior temporal lobe. The arterial supply of the spinal cord is derived from the vertebral arteries and the radicular arteries. The brain is supplied by the internal carotid arteries (the anterior circulation) and the vertebral arteries, which join at the pon tomedullary junction to form the basilar artery (collectively termed the posterior circulation). The brainstem is supplied by the posterior system. The medulla receives blood from branches of the vertebral arteries as well as from the spinal arteries and the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA). The pons is supplied by paramedian and short circumferential branches of the basilar artery. Two major long circumferential branches are the anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA) and the superior cerebellar artery. The midbrain receives its arterial supply primarily from the posterior cerebral artery as well as from the basilar artery. The venous drainage of the spinal cord drains directly to the systemic circulation. By contrast, veins draining the cerebral hemispheres and brain stem drain into the dural sinuses. Cerebrospinal fluid also drains into the dural sinuses through unidirectional valves termed arachnoid villi. 

Dicoumarin is a white crystalline substance of slightly bitter taste. Its biological action is twofold. On the one hand, it is an antagonist of vitamin K, reducing the production of prothrombin in liver cells, which results in a decrease of blood coagulability. On the other hand, dicoumarin makes vein walls permeable, so that blood may penetrate the tissues of internal organs. As a result of this double action, animals bleed to death or die from cerebral haemorrhage. 

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