Inter-response times

Raslear, T.G., Leu, J.R., Simmons, L., 1986. The effects of diisopropylphosphorofluoridate (DFP) on inter-response time and circadian patterns of leverpressing in rats. Neurobehav. Toxicol. Teratol. 8 (6), 655-658. 

Such questions prompted us to determine if CaEDTA would reverse 50 ppm lead-induced increases in response rate on the FI schedule (Cory-Slechta, 1987). CaEDTA is currently the standard agent of choice for both diagnosis and therapy. It was hypothesized that FI response rates should decline faster following CaEDTA administration than after termination of lead exposure alone however, this hypothesis was rejected. Although CaEDTA administration (75 or 150mg/kg i.p. daily for 5 days) had no discernible effects in control animals, it actually exacerbated effects in lead-exposed rats (Figure 7), further increasing the proportion of short inter-response times (IRTs, or times... 

The first factor, especially important with ion-selective microelectrodes, can be eliminated by a suitable modification of the measuring instrument, notably by the use of a coaxial microelectrode (see [167] and section 4.2). If an inter-ferent is present in the solution at a concentration at which it does not affect the ISE potential, factors 4 and 6 are not operative. Penetration of the deter-minand into the membrane, factor 5, is very important for the response times of ISEs with ionophores in their membranes, provided that no hydrophobic anion is present in the membrane solution, as has been theoretically treated by Morf et aL [114]. As shown in section 3.3, the presence of a hydrophobic anion stabilizes the conditions in the membrane, with a marked effect on the shortening of the response time [93]. 

During ozone detection we have the other situation. Gas response to ozone is very fast. Even at 250 C the response time does not exceed 2-3 s. We can assume that during ozone detection inter-agglomerate contacts are gas sensing elements. Only in this case we can explain too fast gas response to ozone. Sn02 films deposited by SILD have macro-porous stmcture, and therefore the influence of inter-crystallite diffusion can be ignored. 

The rigoroiis analysis of the effect of temperature variations on interfacial properties is a key tool to provide new and valuable information on the structure and reactivity of the metal solution interphase. The entropy of the components that form the interphase is a unique probe of their stmctural properties. Therefore, this experimental data is particularly useful for the validation of molecular models of electrified interphases. In addition, the use of fast temperature perturbations is especially suitable for the selective characterization of different inter-facial components, based on their different response time towards the temperature change. In this way, the entropic properties of doublelayer phenomena and charge-transfer adsorption processes can be evaluated separately. It will be shown in this chapter that the combina-... 

A compromise must be reached in the choice of scan speed, slit width and response time, these factors being inter-related. Typical or starting values for the parameters in such an experiment might be 1-4 nm s", 2 nm spectral bandwidth and 0.1 s, respectively. 

Referring to the ultra high acceleration/low-inertia flexible machine regime, it is predicted that the limiting change of (99%) speed response time to, in the digital mode of operation is heavily influenced by the inter-electrode gap size, and the fluid density and viscosity [103]. The solid part of the power transmission mode dominates the mechanics. 

These safety functions are SIL 3, although according to the manufacturer of the safety controller, a SIL 3 can be achieved by this technology alone it was decided that two independent technological barriers should be implemented a path based on safety controllers and another path based on an independent wired loop. This choice helps to guarantee the response time of the safety functions. Without the wired loop, the accumulation of internal timeout of the controllers or the related inter-controller communication may cause a delay greater than the acceptable limit for triggering certain safety functions. 

What is the most meaningful way to express the controllable or independent variables For example, should current density and time be taken as the experimental variables, or are time and the product of current density and time the real variables affecting response Judicious selection of the independent variables often reduces or eliminates interactions between variables, thereby leading to a simpler experiment and analysis. Also inter-relationships among variables need be recognized. For example, in an atomic absorption analysis, there are four possible variables air-flow rate, fuel-flow rate, gas-flow rate, and air/fuel ratio, but there are really only two independent variables. 

Previous reports on FMSZ catalysts have indicated that, in the absence of added H2, the isomerization activity exhibited a typical pattern when measured as a function of time on stream [8, 9], In all cases, the initial activity was very low, but as the reaction proceeded, the conversion slowly increased, reached a maximum, and then started to decrease. In a recent paper [7], we described the time evolution in terms of a simple mathematical model that includes induction and deactivation periods This model predicts the existence of two types of sites with different reactivity and stability. One type of site was responsible for most of the activity observed during the first few minutes on stream, but it rapidly deactivated. For the second type of site, both, the induction and deactivation processes, were significantly slower We proposed that the observed induction periods were due to the formation and accumulation of reaction intermediates that participate in the inter-molecular step described above. Here, we present new evidence to support this hypothesis for the particular case of Ni-promoted catalysts. 

The percolation model of adsorption response outlined in this section is based on assumption of existence of a broad spread between heights of inter-crystalline energy barriers in polycrystals. This assumption is valid for numerous polycrystalline semiconductors [145, 146] and for oxides of various metals in particular. The latter are characterized by practically stoichiometric content of surface-adjacent layers. It will be shown in the next chapter that these are these oxides that are characterized by chemisorption-caused response in their electrophysical parameters mainly generated by adsorption charging of adsorbent surface [32, 52, 155]. The availability of broad spread in heights of inter-crystalline barriers in above polycrystallites was experimentally proved by various techniques. These are direct measurements of the drop of potentials on probe contacts during mapping microcrystal pattern [145] and the studies of the value of exponential factor of ohmic electric conductivity of the material which was L/l times lower than the expected one in case of identical... 

It has now been established that genetic polymorphisms in drug metabolizing enzymes such as the cytochrome P450s (CYP) and the phase II enzyme, thiopu-rine methyltransferase, are responsible for inter-individual variability in response and adverse reactions [12, 13]. However, at the present time, the impact of poly-... 

The ratio, [Li ]/[Li+ut], in human erythrocytes ranges from 0.2-0.9, illustrating a large inter-individual variability however this ratio is relatively constant over long periods of time for individuals and there is evidence that this phenomena is under genetic control [62]. Higher ratios have been reported in patients with affective illnesses compared to healthy subjects [63] and in females compared to males [64]. There have been attempts to correlate the higher Li+ ratio to a better clinical response of patients to Li+ therapy [65]. 

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