Intelligence quotient

ALA = 5-aminolevulinic acid ALAD = 6-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase ALAS = 5-aminolevulinic acid synthase EP = erythrocyte protoporphyrins FEP = free erythrocyte protoporphyrins FSH = follicle stimulating hormone IQ = intelligence quotient LH = luteinizing hormone NS = not specified (occup) = occupational Py-5 -N = pyrimidine-5-nucleotidase TSH = thyroid stimulating hormone ZPP = erythrocyte protoporphyrin... 

Intelligence quotient (IQ) loss effect on lifetime earnings Fetal effects from maternal exposure... 

We form a quotient when dividing one thing by another. We meet the word frequently when discussing a person s IQ, their intelligence quotient, which we define as (a person s score in an intelligence test 4- the average score) x 100. 

Slone, D., Siskind, V, Heinonen, O.P., Monson, R.R., Kaufman, D.W, and Shapiro, S. (1977) Antenatal exposure to the phenothiazines in relation to congenital malformations, perinatal mortality rate, birth weight, and intelligence quotient score. Am J Obstet Gynecol 128 486 88. 

In a second study, intellectual functioning at 6-9 years was measured in 88 cocaine-exposed children and 96 unexposed children in New York City (273). The participants were interviewed and underwent medical and neurological examination and psychological assessment. Child intelligence was measured with the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-III (WISC-III). Intelligence quotient scores did not differ between the two groups of children, even when adjustments for covariables were made. 

In a third study the Robert Wood Johnson database of published literature on prenatal cocaine exposure and child outcome was examined (274). Only 8 of 101 studies focused on school-age children. Intelligence quotient (IQ), receptive language, and expressive language were measured. This meta-analysis showed an average difference of 3.12 IQ points between cocaine-exposed and control groups. When the IQ distribution is shifted downwards by this amount, there is a 1.6-fold increase in the number of children with IQs under 70. The authors noted that the calculated decrement in IQ in exposed children is subtle and does not include the possible effect of the drug on domains of function such as language abilities. 

Mental retardation (MR) is generally defined as a global reduction in cognitive and intellectual abilities, which manifests before the age of 18, and is estimated to affect 1 to 3% of the population (Chelly et al., 2006). Intellectual functioning and its severity is commonly based on the evaluation of the Full Scale Intelligence Quotient (FSIQ), and MR is represented by an intelligence quotient (IQ) lower than... 

FIG. 4. Overall life chances at different ranges of IQ. WAIS IQ, intelligence quotients obtained from the Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale (Weschler 1981) WPT, Wonderlic Personnel Test, Inc. (1992). Reproduced from Gottfredson (1997) with permission. 

Litin L, Sacks F. Trans-fatty-acid content of common foods. N Eng J Med 1993 329(26) 1969-1970. Lucas A, Morley R, Cole TJ, Lister G, Leeson-Payne C. Breast milk and subsequent intelligence quotient... 

It is well known (Needleman et al., 1979 Thomson et al., 1989 Silva et al., 1988) that lead is most studied pollutant in the environment which corresponds with cognitive functions. Lead s exposure leads to lowering of IQ (Intelligence Quotient). In accordance with that, exposure to lead is related to disordered school s behavior, as well to attention deficit disorder. 

TABLE 2. Score of schoolchildren and intelligence quotient related to blood lead levels. 

TABLE 5. Distribution of the intelligence quotient in the group of the examined children. 

So if your local city or county average is 10 units (or io micrograms per deciliter), and your child has a BLL of io units, it s likely your child already has an intelligence quotient (IQ) deficit of 7.4 points compared to a child with a BLL of only... 

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