Integrative Research Approach

the processes occurring at linkage points between the oxygen cycle and the carbon cycle, (e.g., stoichiometry between biological uptake and release of O2 and CO2 on land and in the sea  

the isotopic composition of the water that is imparted to O2 and CO2 formed during photosynthesis or respiration. 

This information must be available on the temporal and spatial scales of interest. It remains a research challenge for the next few years to develop a modeling framework into which the tracer information can be integrated, possibly by means of advanced data assimilation methods. 

Balkansk i, Y., Moiifray, R, Battle, M., and Heimann, M. (1999). Ocean primary production derived from satellite data An evaluation with atmos-[theric ojp gen measurements. Global Biogcochem. Cycla 13, 257-271. 

Battle, M., Bender, M., Sow ers, T., Tans, P. P, Butler, J. H., Plkins, J. VV., Ellis, J. T., Comvay, T., Zhang, N., Lang, R, and Clarke, A. D. (1996). Atmospheric gas concentrations over the past century measured in air from firn at the South Pole. Nature 383, 231 - 235. 

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Ali, M, and Tsou, S, 2000, The integrated research approach of the Asian Vegetable Research... 

FIGURE 7.9 The integrative research approach to assess and predict stress and disturbance at the ecosystem and landscape level and to validate and calibrate the extrapolation tools developed. Source Redrawn after Brock (1998). 

For such an integrated research activity, differently modified peptides and proteins that carry modifications whose structure can be changed at will through synthesis are invaluable tools. Therefore, the synthesis of the lipidated peptides is an important theme. Lipidated peptides can typically not be accessed via standardized peptide synthesis methods. However, employing the synthetic tools developed and presented here, most types of lipidated peptides can now be synthesized and obtained in pure form. Even though solution-phase approaches still play a significant role in the synthesis of lipidated peptides, the recently developed solid-phase synthesis methods delineate the preferred strategy to access the majority of the required lipidated peptides. 

Z.S. Wronski, G.J.C. Carpenter, RJ. Kalal, An integrated characterization approach for ranking nickel hydroxides designed for high-performance positive electrodes in batteries for electric vehicles. In W.A. Ladgrabe, B. Serosati, Editor, Exploratory Research Development of Batteries for Electric Hybrid Vehicles, (1996), The Electrochemical Society, Pennington, N.J. pp. 177-188. 

A scenario-based research approach has been used in IMPROVE in order to identify the requirements, based on a concrete chemical process design case study. A case study from the polymerization domain has been chosen because there are much less mature design support tools as compared to petrochemical processes. Therefore, tool integration and work process support are of considerable interest in both, the end user as well as the software vendor industries. 

Conjugated eonduetion-convection problems are among the elassieal formulations in heat transfer that still demand exact analytical treatment. Since the pioneering works of Perelman (1961) [14] and Luikov et al. (1971) [15], such class of problems continuously deserved the attention of various researchers towards the development of approximate formulations and/or solutions, either in external or internal flow situations. For instance, the present integral transform approach itself has been applied to obtain hybrid solutions for conjugated conduction-convection problems [16-21], in both steady and transient formulations, by employing a transversally lumped or improved lumped heat conduction equation for the wall temperature. 

The activities of the ICS follow an integrated pragmatic approach that includes action-onented research, short-term exchange between researchers and technologists in industry, dissemination of scientific and technological information through the creation and management of centers of excellence (focal points),... 

More systematic and integrated research on basis of multi-fields, multi-process, multi-media, multi-scale and multi-discipline in the field of coupled T-H-M-C processes of geo-materials and systems. At present, the Newtonian and Non-Newtonian flow in fractured geological media at macro-, micro- and meso-scopes using deterministic, probabilistic, fuzzy, intelligent or chaotic approaches in both experimental and theoretical directions will occupy the primary attention. 

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