Integrated optical devices

Two methods of using liquid crystals in integrated optical modulators are available (Fig. 8.7). In the first case, the film of the liquid crystal is itself 

FIGURE 8.6. Beam deflector [29] 1, glass prisms 2, film of nematic liquid crystal 3, transparent electrodes and 4, screen. 

Fiber optic wave guide switches, and modulators based on ferroelectric liquid crystals with microsecond response [43] and chiral nematics with a 2x2 switch configuration [40], were also demonstrated. 

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Ingenhoff J., Drapp B., Gauglitz G., Biosensors using integrated optical devices, Fresenius J Anal Chem 1993 346 580-583. 

In the foregoing the potential of integrated optical devices for sensing has been demonstrated and a view of present and future research has been given. A comparison with VLSI electronics has been made, but one has to bear in mind that optical circuitries have a delay of more than 30 years with respect to electronic ICs. 

Yu.N. Korkishko, V.A. Fedorov, S.M. Kostritskii, A.N. Alkaev, E.I. Maslennikov, E.M. Paderin, D.V. Apraksin, F. Laurell, Proton exchanged LiNb03 and LiTa03 optical waveguides and integrated optic devices, Microelectronic Engineering 69, 228-236 (2003). 

S. Tanev et al., Advances in the development of simulation tools for integrated optics devices FDTD, BPM, and mode-solving techniques, Proc. SPIE 4277, 1-20 (2001). 

Figure 10.4 Nanodomain grating (domain period is 410 nm) tailored for integrated optical device in LiNbC>3 crystal by application of dc voltage (U = 2.0kV). (b) Domain grating (domain period is 1180nm) fabricated in the RbTiOPCU crystal for non-collinear quasi-phase-matched nonlinear optical converter.

Integrated optical devices combine microelectronic production technology with the inherent advantages of optical sensing. Many of these developments are in an early state of research but a variety of optical biosensors can be realized in principle. Integrated optical device manufacturing is nowadays commercially available (IOT) and nearly all optical elements can be integrated and miniaturized on chip [24]. 

Grote JR (1998) Design and fabrication of nonlinear optic polymer integrated optic devices. In Wise DL, Wnek GE, Trantolo DJ, Cooper TM, Gresser JD (eds) Electrical and optical polymer systems. Marcel Dekker, New York, chap 16... 

Alternatives to the presented interferometric configuration are Mach-Zehnder-type interferometers that are also available as integrated optical devices the performance of such optical sensors will be tested for the above application in the near future. 

T. Kardinahl and H. Franke, Grating in nonlinear optical polymers for integrated optical device applications, Proc. SPIE 2025, 574-578 (1993). 

In many integrated optics devices, planar wave guides are used which consist of various thin dielectric films deposited on fused silica or glass substrates. Also ion... 

A. Neyer, Integrated Optic Devices in LiNb03-Technology and Application, in Current Overview in Optical Sciences and Engineering II, R. Feinberg (Ed.), SPIE Advent Technology Series, Vol. AT2 (1990) 359. 

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