Insulin mild diabetes

Mild diabetic ketosis. If the patient is fully conscious and there has been no nausea or vomiting for at least 12 h, intravenous therapy is unnecessary. It is reasonable to give small doses of insulin s.c. 4-6-hourly and fluids by mouth. 

Lepidine Lepidium ruderale L/Cruciferae Aerial parts Lepidine had showed hypoglycemic effects in mice and rabbits in alloxan induced mild chronic diabetes and in adrenalin induced hyperglycemic rats [12-15], However, lepidine failed to affect carbohydrate metabolism in insulin-insufficient diabetic rats made by surgical pancreatectomy. Furthermore, this compound decreased glucosuria, polydipsia and increased glycogen in liver in alloxan induced mild chronic diabetics [16],... 

Fatal oxalate poisoning was reported in a 53-year-old insulin-dependent diabetic man who had ingested 1 kg of yellow dock (part not specified) along with his family members. Other family members who ingested smaller amounts of yellow dock had only mild symptoms of poisoning and recovered within several days (Reig et al. 1990). 

In patients with mild non-insulin-dependent diabetes, administration of 3 g powdered ashwagandha root daily for 30 days resulted in a decrease in blood glucose that was comparable to that of an oral hypoglycemic drug (Andallu and Radhika 2000). 

The results of these studies indicated that CLA at levels of 0.1% in the diet inhibited atherogenesis and at levels of 1.0% caused significant regression of atherosclerosis in rabbits. In addition to a reduction in aortic plaque formation and modulating liver and serum lipid levels, CLA has also been demonstrated to reduce systolic blood pressure in OLETF rats, a strain developed as a model of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) with mild obesita (59). 

Insulin. This hormone has proved to be a lifesaver for many diabetics. The current thinking is that injections of insulin may not be necessary for some adults with mild diabetes, but that this therapy is almost always necessary for juvenile diabetics and adult diabetics whose insulin secretion is inadequate. Sometimes, insulin-dependent diabetics may appear to have a remission of their disease so that it may seem that injections of the hormone are no longer necessary. It is believed that injections of insulin reduce the stress on the few insulin-secreting cells which remain functional. Thus, the rested pancreatic cells may be able to cope for a while on their own. However, many doctors believe it is wise to continue the administration of insulin throughout temporary periods of remission so as to keep the insulin-dependent diabetic in a consistent pattern of regulation. 

Determination of the amounts and types of insulin to be administered is the responsibility of the attending physician. Likewise, the choice of a diet to be used by an insulin-depen-dent diabetic must also determined by the doctor who usually asks a dietitian to work out the details. Although this situation differs from that of the mild diabetic treated by diet alone (where the dietary prescription may merely be to consume less energy so as to lose weight), extra precautions are necessary in order to coordinate the effects of both diet and insulin injections (and, in some cases, the added effects of strenuous exercise). It is with this in mind that Fig. D-12, types of insulin and their characteristics, is presented. 

The serum cholesterol-lowering effect of plant sterols and stanols has been proven in several clinical studies. The hypocholesterolemic effects have been verified in normocholesterolemic individuals, in individuals with mild to moderate hypercholesterolemia or with familial hypercholesterolemia, in women with coronary heart disease, and in men with non-insulin-dependent diabetes -in conjunction with cholesterol-lowering statin therapy and irrespective of the background diet. In addition, studies have been conducted with normocholesterolemic children and with children with slightly elevated cholesterol levels, or with familial hypercholesterolemia. 

In sum, basic questions remain to be clarified Is hyperglycemia an independent and additive risk factor for atherosclerotic disease What are the mechanisms - over and above chronic caloric imbalance - of the associations between hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia, between hyperglycemia and hypertension Is a good deal of the excess atherosclerosis risk of mild maturity-onset nonketotic non-insulin-dependent diabetes in our population a result of the concomitant hypertension and/or hyperlipidemia, and not independently related to hyperglycemia per se ... 

Insulin and Amylin. Insulin is a member of a family of related peptides, the insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), including IGF-I and IGF-II (60) and amylin (75), a 37-amino acid peptide that mimics the secretory pattern of insulin. Amylin is deficient ia type 1 diabetes meUitus but is elevated ia hyperinsulinemic states such as insulin resistance, mild glucose iatolerance, and hypertension (33). Insulin is synthesized ia pancreatic P cells from proinsulin, giving rise to the two peptide chains, 4. and B, of the insulin molecule. IGF-I and IGF-II have stmctures that are homologous to that of proinsulin (see INSULIN AND OTHER ANTIDIABETIC DRUGS). 

Estrogen usage is associated with a mild decrease in glucose tolerance. Estrogens do not cause diabetes, but their concurrent use in the diabetic patient may necessitate adjustment in insulin dosage. 

Metformin works best in patients with significant hyperglycemia and is often considered first-line therapy in the treatment of mild to moderate type II overweight diabetics who demonstrate insulin resistance. The United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study demonstrated a marked reduction in cardiovascular comorbidities and diabetic complications in metformin-treated individuals. Metformin has also been used to treat hirsutism in individuals with polycystic ovarian syndrome and may enhance fertility in these women, perhaps by decreasing androgen levels and enhancing insulin sensitivity. 

Hyperglycemia may occur in patients who are overtly diabetic or who have even mildly abnormal glucose tolerance tests. The effect is due to both impaired pancreatic release of insulin and diminished tissue utilization of glucose. Hyperglycemia may be partially reversible with correction of hypokalemia. 

Type 2 diabetes is characterized by tissue resistance to the action of insulin combined with a relative deficiency in insulin secretion. A given individual may have more resistance or more beta-cell deficiency, and the abnormalities may be mild or severe. Although insulin is produced by the beta cells in these patients, it is inadequate to overcome the resistance, and the blood glucose rises. The impaired insulin action also affects fat metabolism, resulting in increased free fatty acid flux and triglyceride levels and reciprocally low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL). 

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