Instrumentation block diagram

Molecular Fluorescence A typical instrumental block diagram for molecular fluorescence is shown in Figure 10.45. In contrast to instruments for absorption spectroscopy, the optical paths for the source and detector are usually positioned at an angle of 90°. 

MATERIALS TESTING REACTOR INSTRUMENTATION BLOCK DIAGRAM... 

Fig. 1 shows the block diagram of the vibrometer, in which the most sensible to small phase variations interferometric scheme is employed. It consists of the microwave and the display units. The display unit consists of the power supply 1, controller 2 of the phase modulator 3, microprocessor unit 9 and low-frequency amplifier 10. The microwave unit contains the electromechanical phase modulator 3, a solid-state microwave oscillator 4, an attenuator 5, a bidirectional coupler 6, a horn antenna 7 and a microwave detector 11. The horn antenna is used for transmitting the microwave and receiving the reflected signal, which is mixed with the reference signal in the bidirectional coupler. In the reference channel the electromechanical phase modulator is used to provide automatic calibration of the instrument. To adjust the antenna beam to the object under test, the microwave unit is placed on the platform which can be shifted in vertical and horizontal planes. 

Block diagram for a filter photometer with photo showing a typical hand-held instrument suitable for field work. Colorimeterrw is manufactured by Hach Company/photo courtesy of Hach Company. 

Block diagram for a single-beam fixed-wavelength spectrophotometer with photo of a typical instrument. 

Equipment abbreviations, 25 Instruments, 29 Flowsheets, 1-11 Block diagram, 4... 

Major advances have occurred over the past few years in equipment for HPLC. Figure 2 presents a block diagram of a basic LC instrument. We shall now discuss individual components. ... 

In Figure 8.12, the basic set-up of an ICP-MS instrument is presented as a block diagram, consisting of a sample introduction system, the inductively coupled argon plasma (ICP) and the mass-specific detector. By far the most commonly applied sample introduction technique is a pneumatic nebuliser, in which a stream of argon (typically 1 I.min ), expanding with high... 

Although many spectrometer designs have been produced over the years, the vast majority of laboratory instruments are based on the simplified block diagram shown in Figure 1.4. Plane-polarized microwaves are generated by the klystron tube and the power level adjusted with the Attenuator. The Circulator... 

Given a block diagram of a typical source range instrument, STATE the purpose of major components. 

Simple spectrometers that cover the region from 350 to 1000 nm are available for modest cost and are useful for routine analysis. These spectrometers are usually single beam instruments that are set up according to the block diagram in Fig. 5.15, and Fig. 5.16 illustrates the actual configuration of a commercial instrument. 

All modern heat flow calorimeters have twin cells thus, they operate in the differential mode. As mentioned earlier, this means that the thermopiles from the sample and the reference cell are connected in opposition, so that the measured output is the difference between the respective thermoelectric forces. Because the differential voltage is the only quantity to be measured, the auxiliary electronics of a heat flux instrument are fairly simple, as shown in the block diagram of figure 9.3. The main device is a nanovoltmeter interfaced to a computer for instrument control and data acquisition and handling. The remaining electronics of a microcalorimeter (not shown in figure 9.3) are related to the very accurate temperature control of the thermostat and, in some cases, with the... 

Figure 9.12. Block diagrams of fiberoptic sensing instrumentation Top externally modulated laser with an acousto-optic modulator. (From Ref. 20 with permission.) Bottom internally modulated laser, (From Ref. 21 with permission.)...

Figure 2. Block diagram illustrating the control structure of the stop-scan instrument hardware.

The 5 ns pulses of about 10 electrons released at the anode by a photon absorbed by the photocathode of a PM tube can be used to count photons. In such instruments the intensity of light is displayed as a count per second which varies between about 15 (dark count) and 105. A photon-counting detector system is of course much more complex than the simple PM/ampli-fier used in conventional spectrofluorimeters. Figure 7.27(a) is a block diagram of such a photon counter (b) gives a simple illustration of the important process of pulse selection through a discriminator. The output of... 

A block diagram of a scanning-type electron microscope is given in Fig. 5. Major elements of the instrument include the electromagnetic lenses that are used to form the electron probe, the scan coils that sweep the beam over the sample, the detector that collects the secondary electrons, and the amplifying means where the secondary electrons are amplified and fed to the cathode ray tube for display. Since the cathode ray tube is scanned in synchronization with the electron beam, the resulting picture corresponds to the area of the sample being examined. 

The evolution of Raman spectroscopy from a spectroscopic novelty, to a complementary technique in niche applications, to an analytical powerhouse, has closely paralleled the advancement of enabling technologies. While a simple block diagram of the components of a Raman spectrometer shown in Figure 1.1 would still be comparable to the very early instruments built by C.V. Raman [1], the improvement in functionality of each component has dramatically increased the impact of Raman spectroscopy in areas where it was... 

The final mix card is last in the chain. It has the basic ( core ) DSP-16 circuitry found on all instrument cards. A block diagram is found below ... 

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