Insects spider beetles

NATURAL RESOURCES Chitin is a biopolymer found in crustaceans shells (crab, shrimp, prawn, lobster) in some mollusks (krill, oyster, clam shells, squid skeleton). It is also found in fungi (mushrooms, yeast) and in various insects (cockroaches, silkworms, spiders, beetles). 

Eisner, T., M. Eisner and M. Siegler, Secret Weapons Defenses of Insects, Spiders, Scorpions, and Other Many-Legged Creatures (Belknap Press, Harvard, 2005, pp. 157-162). (Bombardier beetle)... 

In this discussion, we have restricted ourselves to the consideration of only a few examples of arthropod chemistry. From these alone, it is evident that insects synthesize defensive compounds by using all of the major biosynthetic pathways, producing acetogenins, simple aromatics and quinones, isoprenoids, and alkaloids. In addition, some of the millipedes, coccinellid beetles, and spiders we have studied utilize biosynthetic pathways that have yet to be characterized. 

Most acetylenic compounds in plants are derived from meta-bolically altered fatty acids. These often are active in plant-insect relationships. 8-cis-Dihydromatricaria acid is also found in the defensive secretion of the soldier beetle (Chaulioqnathus 1econtei) (125), and has subsequently been shown to have anti-feedant properties against Phidippus spp. (jumping spiders) (126). As previously mentioned matricaria ester has antifeedant properties to the pink bollworm, bollworm and tobacco budworm (115). 

There are hundreds of organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides in agricultural and household use. Two important examples are malathion, an organophosphorus compound, and carbaryl, a carbamate, both shown in Figure 15.20. Malathion kills a variety of insects, such as aphids, leafhoppers, beetles, and spider mites. Carbaryl, like many other carbamates, is relatively selective in the types of insects it kills. 

It should be clear to us that the development of resistance is always to be expected to any insecticide we may choose to apply, but it is not inevitable. DDT stayed effective against the European corn borer for at least 15 years (Table VIII) and there are several other examples, including diazinon and the western corn rootworm in Nebraska. Some of the species of beneficial insects which formerly suffered from insecticide damage, such as braconid parasites, lady beetles, mayfly nymphs and honeybees, have now developed certain tolerances, while several of the Phytoseiid mites which feed on the plant-feeding spider mites are becoming as resistant as their prey to OP s and carbamates. 

There are different standards of practice for collections of each type of animal. Insects are mostly preserved dry, pinned in specialized trays or boxes. Certain types of insects, like spiders or sometimes the larger beetles, may be fluid preserved in a standard 70% ethanol and water solution. Older collections sometimes include wet-preserved specimens in glycerin, oil, or formalin. 

Methamidophos is an insecticide and acaricide for control of chewing and sucking insects and spider mites such as aphids, flea beetles, whiteflies, cabbage loopers, thrips, cutworms, Colorado potato beetles, armyworms, mites, leafhoppers, and others on vegetables, cotton, potatoes, and fruits. It has an oral LD50 in rats of 250-500 mg/kg. 

Flucycloxuron is an acaricide/insecticide for control of spider mites, rust mites on grapes, pome fruit, stone fruit, and ornamentals. It is also active against Colorado potato beetle larvae and a number of lepidopterous insects. It has an oral LD50 in rats of >5000 mg/kg. 

We can rely on an assorted crew of large and small creatures to help with pest control. The list of beneficial animals ranges from birds and toads to spiders and predatory nematodes. Beneficial insects include the familiar lady beetle along with less well known predatory bugs and parasitic wasps. 

Dimethyl S-[2-(methylamino)-2-oxoethyl] phospho-rothioate. DImethoate-met Bay 45432 Follmat S-6876. Systemic insecticide and acaricide with contact and stomach action. Used for control of spider mites, aphids, beetles, caterpillars, scale Insects, thrlps, suckers, fruit files etc. in fruit and vegetable crops and in forestry. Registered as an insecticide by EPA (cancelled). Yellow oil dec, 135° d = 1.32 readily soluble in H2O and most organic solvents LD50 (rat, rbt, cat orl) = 50 mg/kg, (gpg orl) = 100 mg/kg, (rat der) = 700 mg/kg, (hen orl) = 125 mg/kg LCso (mrat ihl 1 hr.) > 15 mg/l air, (goldfish 96 hr.) = 10 -100 mg/l toxic to bees. Bayer AG Bayer Carp. Bayer pic. 

Researchers have found that, as far as insects and invertebrates are concerned, small yards are just as good for wildlife as larger ones. In a survey of biodiversity in 61 private yards ranging in size from 344-10,000 sq ft (32-940 sq m) in the city of Sheffield in the UK, the researchers caught and counted an astonishing 40,000 individual invertebrates, and found nationally rare beetles, bugs, snails, and flies, and a spider that had only previously been recorded on a mountain top. 

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