Insects shipping

More and more raw spices are converted to finished products near the growing sites. This saves shipping costs of bulk vs concentrate. Rapid processing also assures less loss of flavor volatiles resulting from evaporation, reduction of colored components due to oxidation or isomeri2ation, and reduction of losses due to insect and rodent infestation. 

Transport Equipment insects and rodents carried by tmcks, trains, ships, aircraft... 

Application of nematodes in infected insect cadavers have also been described by some workers (Shapiro-Ilan et al. 2001, 2003), which enables the slow release of nematode and therefore considered effective for small-scale application. Coating the cadavers with starch and clay mixture helps in preventing rupture during storage and shipping (Shapiro-Ilan et al. 2001). 

Evans, B.R. and Porter, J.E. 1965. The incidence, importance, and control of insects found in stored food and food-handling areas of ships. J. Econ. Entomol. 19, 173-180. 

Several companies ship edible insects to patrons in America. For example, Grubco, Inc. from Fairfield, Ohio, is one of the nation s leading suppliers of edible insects. They tell me that human consumption is rising. Every week, company president Dale Cochran sells over 10,000 crickets, mealworms, and waxworms to people who eat insects. Why should we consider this weird Many of us enjoy shrimp, lobsters, and other insects of the sea that belong to the same biological phylum, Arthropoda, that includes land insects. 

Insects also produce polymers. For example, silk is made by a caterpillar called a silkworm. One silkworms cocoon can contain as much as 900 to 3,000 feet (300 to 900 m) of silk thread. An insect called the Laccifer lacca—or just Lac, for short—lives on trees in India and Southeast Asia. The insects drink the sap from the trees they are living on and produce a polymer that is used to make lacquer and shellac. People use these varnishes to coat and protect ships, houses, wood floors, furniture, and other objects made of wood. 

The composition of beeswax varies by insect species and by what the bees have been eating. Beeswax has a low melting point, and is often cast into useful or decorative shapes. Combined with resins, it was used as a water-proofing and adhesive. It has been used as a coating on paintings and furniture, to enhance the appearance of and to protect the surfaces from moisture. It was used as a water-repellent and adhesive in ships and boats. Beeswax has been applied to fabric, cordage, and hair to add luster and increase water-resistance, and as a base for cosmetic and medicinal creams and lotions. Beeswax was the primary and best available material for making candles until the invention of paraffin wax, which is a by-product of the distillation of petroleum. 

The best way to ship material is live. Insects Drosophila, in particular) can be sent on small amounts of food in vials. Most marine organisms can be shipped live in sealed plastic bags. On receipt of the organisms, however, prompt treatment of the shipment is required. Specimens obtained for rearing should be placed in proper rearing media. Specimens obtained for protein or DNA extraction should be immediately and rapidly frozen at or below —70°. Frozen tissue should be shipped on dry ice. A much more convenient way to send tissue, however, is in 70-95% ethanol. The DNA yield and quality from specimens sent in ethanol are usually almost as good as from fresh or frozen tissue. Sperm can be shipped on wet ice if it is collected dry (i.e., undiluted in water) and if sodium azide is added to a final concentration of 0.01 -0.02% in order to prevent bacterial growth.13... 

Alumtnum phosphide, hke aluminum nitride, reacts with moisture but in this case the gaseous product is phosphine, PH3, a very toxic gas. For this reason, AlP is used as a fumigant to control insects in stored products such as raw agricultural products, animal feeds, processed foods (for example, flour and sugar), tobacco, wood, paper, leather, hair, and feathers. It is also used for control of rodents such as rats, mice, squirrels, and gophers in and around mills, food processing plants, warehouses and silos, and in rail cars, ships, and shipping containers. 

To investigate food preferences by insects or other herbivores, such as deer (Rautio et al. 2008), and the compounds responsible for their choices, these compounds can be added to their diet and tested in feeding bioassays. Here we will add a mixture of phenolic compounds, known as tannic acid, to the diet of homworm caterpillars. The tobacco homworm, Manduca sexta, normally feeds on Solanaceae such as tomato or potato plants. For more on the natural history of this insect, consult the information sheet prepared by the biological supply company that ships these caterpillars. 

Insects offer endless opportunities for experiments with defense secretions. For a review, see Eisner et al. 2005. Upon gentle contact with a forceps insects will release defense secretions. Keep the insect that just has released the defense secretion in a vial with a wire screen cover, or in a tiny wire cage of the type honey bee queens are shipped in through the mail. Observe responses by other insects or predators such as spiders, lizards, frogs, birds, or small rodents. 

Autotrophic vegetation as a whole has rendered possible the development of animals on earth, of consumers and predators at the higher levels in the food chains of ecosystems. More than 100,000 species of animals, most of them insects, depend on the producers life. Mankind cannot survive without green plants and their capability of building up carbohydrates from just water and carbon dioxide in the chloroplasts of leaves by the use of solar energy. Agriculture and horticulture have made use of this capacity since prehistoric ages and forestry has developed from the uncontrolled use of firewood and timber for houses, ships> tools, and furniture to a planned production of renewable raw materials. 

Use Household insecticide (flies, mosquitoes, garden insects, etc.), treatment of paper bags for shipping cereals, etc. 

Phillips, Cr.L, (1959). Control of insects with pyrelhrum sprays in wheal stored in ships holds. J. Econ. Entomoi. 52, 557-559. 

In the food industry, carbon disulfide has been used to protect fresh fruit from insects and fungus during shipping, in adhesives for food packaging, and in the solvent extraction of growth inhibitors (Timmerman 1978). 

---