Insects biological control

While leafy spurge can be controlled by herbicides ( ) or vigorous cultivation, the cost of control is continuous since current chemical means do not eradicate this weed. More than 20 million dollars a year is spent for the control of this plant, and its agro-economic impact is greater than 12 million dollars per year in the state of North Dakota alone ( ). Recent research efforts on the leafy spurge problem have concentrated on Increased herbicide efficiency and the successful application of insect biological control methods. 

The unique structural character of these diterpenes and their exclusive distribution in the family Euphorblacae may allow their use as specific chemotaxonomlc markers within the family. Application of analytical HPLC methods developed in the Isolation of the jatrophane diterpenes to extracts of other E. esula accessions has revealed distinctively different unidentified jatrophane diterpenes (30) among the accessions. The rarity and exclusivity of these compounds within Euphorblacae warrants continued chemical examination and differentiation of E. esula accessions in relationship to successful Insect biological control. 

Kathiresan, R.M. Integration of botanical herbicide Coleus amboinicus / aromaticus with insect biological control of water hyacinth. Completion report on research project funded from National Agricultural Technology Project - Indian Council of Agricultural Research, 2004b. 

Forest insects—Control—Congresses. 2. Forest insects—Biological control—Congresses. 3. Forest protection—Congresses. 4. Pesticides—Congresses. 

Biological and Natural Controls. Parasites and predators are effective in limiting the numbers of pest Insects and plant pathogens both in nature and for crops (35). This basic fact led to the development of biological controls. For example, the vedalia beetle, which was Introduced for control of cottony cushion scale on citrus in California, has provided continuous effective control of this pest for many decades. Worldwide only approximately 1% of the pests have been effectively controlled by Introduced biological control agents (43). 

In yet another application of plant virus peptide presentation systems, Borovsky [52] used TMV to present a peptide, trypsin modulating oostatic factor (TMOF), that terminates trypsin biosynthesis in the mosquito gut and causes larval mortality. This unique study uses plant virus particles for the biological control of insect pests. 

Chlorpyrifos inhibits substrate-borne reception and emission of sex pheromone in Tri-chogramma brassicae, an entomophagus insect massively used as a biological control agent of com borers, among survivors of an LC20 dose. Inhibition was probably due to nervous system effects and was not specific to pheromone communication (Delpuech et al. 1998). 

Flanders KL, Miller JM, Shields EJ. In vivo production of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Oswego (Rhabditida Heterorhabditidae), a potential biological control agent for soil inhabiting insects in temperate regions. J Econ Entom. 1996 89 373-380. 

Lacey LA, Frutos R, Kaya HK, Vails PR Insect pathogens as biological control agents. Do they have a future Bio Cont. 2001 21 230-248. 

Poinar GO, Jr. Nematodes for biological control of insects. Boca Raton, FL CRC Press 1979. p 270... 

Sundarababu R, Sankaranarayanan C. Biological control of insects using nematodes. In Trivedi PC, editor. Recent advances in plant nematology. New Delhi CBS Publishers and Distributors 1998. pp. 153-170. 

Arbogast, R.T. 1984. Biological control of stored-product insects Status and prospects. In Insect Management for Food Storage and Processing (F.J. Baur, ed.), pp. 226-238. American Association of Cereal Chemists. 

Kaya, H.K. 1985. Entomogenous nematodes for insect control in IPM systems. In Biological Control in Agricultural IPM Systems (M.A. Hoy and D.C. Herzog, eds), pp. 283-302. Academic Press, New York. 

Yellow scale, though present in many areas, has not been serious on bananas except where sulfur fungicides were used experimentally for Sigatoka control. Biological control has usually held this insect in check. 

Beck, S. D. In "Proceedings of the Summer Institute of Biological Control of Plant Insects and Diseases" Maxwell, F. G. Harris, F. A., Eds. Univ. Press of Mississippi Jackson, 1974 pp. 290-311. 

Heimpel, G. E. and Jervis, M. A. 2005. Does floral nectar improve biological control by parasitoids In Plant-Provided Food for Carnivorous Insects A Protective Mutualism and Its Applications (Wackers, F. L., van Rijn, P. C. J. and Bruin, J., eds), pp. 267-304. Cambridge Cambridge University Press. 

Louda, S.M. Kendall, D. Connor, J. Simberlolf, D. (1997) Ecological elfects of an insect introduced for the biological control of weeds. Science, 277, 1088-90. 

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