Insects attracting

Conservation. In an attempt to save paper, preventive conservation care deserves the highest priority, because it reduces the need for potentially hazardous, comphcated, and expensive treatments later (159—162). Problems which have a stmctural impact on long-term stabiUty of paper should be given a higher priority than problems which are merely cosmetic in nature. For example, infestation by insects, attracted by nutrients in paper, can cause irreparable loss of media and support. 

Uses. Cinnamyl alcohol and its esters, especially cinnamyl acetate, are widely employed in perfumery because of their excellent sensory and fixative properties. They are frequently used in blossom compositions such as lilac, jasmine, lily of the valley, hyacinth, and gardenia to impart balsamic and oriental notes to the fragrance. In addition, they ate utilized as modifiers in berry, nut, and spice flavor systems. The value of cinnamyl alcohol has also been mentioned in a variety of appHcations which include the production of photosensitive polymers (49), the creation of inks for multicolor printing (50), the formulation of animal repellent compositions (51), and the development of effective insect attractants (52). 

Dethier, V. G., Chemical Insect Attractants and Repellents, Blakiston, Philadelphia, 1947. 

Natural Insect Attractants and Repellents, New Tools in Pest Control... 

Ti/ Z)-diethyl tartrate Epoxidation of allylic (+)-Dispariure Insect attractant 90-95... 

Used industrially as a fumigant, fungicide, animal repellent, insect attractant used in the preparation of medicinal ointments and mustard plasters used as a flavoring agent, and denaturant for alcohol. 

Numerous nitrogen-free toxins occur in plants. As discussed in the introduction to this Chapter, many of these compounds are believed to be for the protection of the plant from herbivory. However, because there is such a diversity in plant compounds, there are other functions they serve, e.g., insect attractants for pollination, and protection against environmental factors, such as UV light, low or high temperatures, drought, etc. 

The insects attracted by flowers, and especially their eggs, grubs, and caterpillars, will in turn become food for birds, predatory beetles, parasitic wasps, voles, and amphibians. Many creatures regarded as garden pests are actually a valuable food source for other creatures. 

Dowd, P. F. In Natural Pesticides Volume V Insect Attractants and Repellents Morgan, E. D. Mandava, L. B. Eds. CBC Press Boca Raton, in press. 

Uses. As an insect attractant, as a warning agent for natural gas, and in organic synthesis... 

Many people think the ultimate pesticide should be developed from research now being done on certain insect attractants and juvenile hormones. Isolation of naturally occurring sex attractants (pheromones) and juvenile hormones has been accomplished. The attractants could be used to congregate large numbers of insects in one place for extermination by the already existing insecticides. Alternatively, juvenile hormones have been found that prevent maturation or cause sterility in many pests. 

Insect attractants are predominantly used for population monitoring and for control. It is necessary to know the degree of infestation to initiate the most effective control methods. There are two ways to prevent insecticides from entering the food chain by utilizing effective insect attractants. The first method is to attract the destructive insects themselves into a trap by an effective lure, and the second is by attracting their natural enemies so that the insects can be annihilated before they can cause much damage. 

Table IV gives a few examples of terpenes shown to be Insect deterrents. As with the previous examples of Insect attractants In Tables II and III, the structural diversity of the deterrent compounds Is remarkable. There are no clear and logical structure-activity relationships among the compounds with these behavioral effects. Specialised and unique effects and behavioral adaptations are thus the rule In Interactions between species rather than the exception.

Dethier, V.G. "Chemical Insect Attractants and Repellents" Blakiston Philadelphia, 1947. 

Metcalf, R.L. (1987). Plant volatiles as insect attractants. CRC Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 5 251-301. 

Beebe, W. (1955). Two Uttle-known selective insect attractants. Zoologica (New York Zoological Society) 40 27-36. 

Enzymatic complexes involved in flavonoid precursors [Achnine et al., 2004] and flavonoid biosynthesis are associated with the cytoplasmic side of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) [Stafford, 1974, 1981, 1991 Hrazdina et al., 1978, 1987 Hrazdina and Jensen, 1992 Winkel-Shirley, 1999 Liu and Dixon, 2001 Saslowsky and Winkel-Shirley, 2001]. However, flavonoids accumulate in multiple subcellular compartments and some are even extruded out of the cellular domain. Examples are flavonoids sequestered in the vacuole of specific cell layers and organs where they function as insect attractants or herbivore deterrents [Koes et al., 1994 Mol et al., 1998], extruded flavonoids that participate in allelopathic interactions or the establishment of symbiotic relationships with soil rhizobia [Martinoia et al., 1993 Paiva, 2000], cytosolic... 

Eugenol has been used since the nineteenth century as a flavoring agent in a variety of foods and pharmaceutical products. It has found use as a mild rubefacient in dentifrices, and as an obtundent for hypersensitive dentine, caries, or exposed pulp. Additional uses are in dental cement preparations, analgesics and anesthetics, and temporary dental filling when mixed with zinc oxide. The substance is also used in the perfumery or flavor industries, and also as insect attractant [1, 3, 4]. 

Tamaki, Y., Sugie, H., Ando, Y Yamashita, A., Ooya, S., Kamiwada, H., Suzuki, H. and Fukumoto, T. (1996). Insect attractants for Aedia leucomelas. Jap. Kokai Tokkyo Koho, 96, 295-602. 

Plant substances are said to enhance some insect hormones, to the advantage of the insect. Bedard et al. (44) have described how the western pine beetle (Dendroctonus brevicomis) uses its host pine trees (Firms ponderosa and P. coulteri) to enhance the drawing power of its sex attractant, exobrevicomin. When ready to mate, both sexes emit the attractant. Bedard found the attractant s power (in terms of numbers of insects attracted) was doubled when mixed with myrcene, a normal constituent of pine wood. Myrcene alone was not attractive. Myrcene, however, is not restricted to pine we have seen earlier (10) that it is consistently found in spruce needles, and in general it is not characteristic of any single group of plants. Since the western pine beetle feeds only on pine, of what real ecological significance is Bedard s report of the enhancement of its hormone by myrcene Why isn t a more specific constituent of pine wood involved Perhaps one is, but research has not yet revealed it. Apart from Brower s work with the monarchs, we have not examined the rich area of herbivore—predator interactions. 

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