Insecticides biological control

The total amount of pesticide applied worldwide, as mentioned, is estimated to be 2.5 million tons. Of this 50 to 60% are herbicides, 20 to 30% are insecticides, and 10 to 20% are fungicides. Interestingly, less than one-third of all the agricultural cropland in the world is treated with some kind of pesticide. This illustrates the fact that a significant portion of crops receive no pesticide and, therefore, are protected to some extent by nonchemical biological controls. 

The oriental fruit fly and the banana aphid vector of bunchy-top have so far been found only in the Pacific, the former as far east as Hawaii and the latter in Australia. Control measures for the fruit fly are insecticidal sprays and biological control. Bunchy-top is being held under control with insecticide spray of banana aphids and roguing of diseased plants. 

Examine all new plant introductions ideally, quarantine new plants for a month. The best biological control is the predatory lady beetle Cryptolaemus montrouzieri optimum temperature 68-77°F (20-25°C). Alternatively, spray with insecticidal soap. Disturb the waxy coating covering colonies before spraying. 

Documentation of innovation depression in pesticides, another area that requires pre-market registration is equally as dramatic. William Tucker, in his very recent Of Mites and Men, (23) discusses the frustration of several innovative companies trying to develop biological controls instead of target-specific toxic insecticides. Like Grabowski and drugs, Dr. Wendell Mullison reported in 1975 that since the enactment of FEPCA, the pesticide Act of 1971, the number of major pesticides introduced has fallen from two per year in the 1960 to 1970 decade to less than one per year for the period 1971 to 1975 (24). 

Insect control is restricted to natural insecticides derived from plant extracts, such as pyrethrum or derris. Biological controls such as Bacillus thuringiensis and predator... 

Use Biological control of pests, especially fabricfeeding insects, often in combination with dl-p-fluo-rophenylalanine, an amino-acid inhibitor also as a contact insecticide in an oil spray. The mechanism is that of structural antagonism rather than active toxicity. 

Jacques, R.P., 1985. Stability of insect vimses in the environment. In Viral insecticides for biological control. K. Moramorasch, and K. E. Sherman Eds., Academic, New York, pp. 285-369. 

Maramorosch, K. and Sherman, K.E. Viral Insecticides for Biological Control Academic Orlando, FL.,... 

T. urticae using biological control by insecticide-resistant predatory mites is just a subsystem of this larger resistance management program. 

Newer insecticides being introduced today may be more selective and less toxic to nontarget organisms.10 For example, the insecticide pirimicarb (11.6) is highly selective for aphids and has little effect on biological control organisms.11... 

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