Input and Output Terminals

Input and output terminals are used to connect the nanophotonic device in the integrated circuit with external macroscopic photonic devices. The input terminal is used to convert the incident propagating light (free photons) to the optical near-held 

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For the case labeled DC-DC Low-Power, we insert digital multimeters (DMMs) to measure the input and output current. We also connect DMMs directly across the input and output terminals of the converter board to measure input and output voltages. 

Figure 6.2 The circuit symbol for an operational amplifier showing input and output terminals, but omitting the power terminals. The presence of power terminals is nevertheless assumed.

FIGURE 7.147 Voltage-controlled-voltage-sources are replaced by current-controlled-current-sources with input and output terminal pairs exchanged to obtain N from given network N. 

It has been suggested by Winfield [29] that cytochrome c is an example of a molecular integrated circuit and as such should contain input and output terminals, variable resistors, an electron trap, and a one way electron valve . The impedance matching capability at both terminals are then necessary characteristics of this circuit. Winfield has further characterized the tryptophan ring as a major part of a resonating system. 

The crude oil delivery system starts with relatively small-diameter gathering lines from individual producing wells to a main-line pump station, from where it is pumped through a larger transmission trunkline to a refinery or other destination. At the refinery, the cmde oil is separated into gasoline, jet fuel, kerosene, distillate fuel oil, etc, and the refined products are transported by products pipelines to markets, storage, shipping terminals, etc. In modem lines, all inputs and outputs are metered, monitored, and remotely controlled by supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) computer systems. 

Constant-width font is used for command names, variable names and other literal text like input and output in the terminal window. 

On the other hand, one must take care that the complete computation is done on these devices. For instance, if the devices have no keyboard and display, like current smartcards, and all the inputs and outputs are transmitted through a device under someone else s control, like a point-of-sale terminal, the signer has no control... 

We use constant width font for program names, variable names, and other literal text, for exampel input and output in the terminal window. Lines starting with a within a literal text block are commands. Type the text following the into the terminal window finishing by hitting the return-key. (The signifies the command-line prompt, which may not look the same on different systems.) All other lines within a literal text block are the output from the command recently typed. 

Answer We usually cannot afford to let any given on-board converter attempt to redefine the ground in the middle of a system. However, inverting regulators can on occasion be used, especially if the converter happens to be a front-end converter. In this case, since the system effectively starts at the output terminals of this converter, we maybe able to define the ground at this point. In that case, the relative polarity between the input and output of the converter may become a don t care situation. 

Circuits like these can be looked upon as a black box , with two terminals coming in (the input, or the excitation) and two leaving (the output, or the response). One of the rails may of course be common to both the input and output, as in the case of the ground rail. This forms a two-port network . Such an approach is useful, because power supplies too, can be thought of in much the same way — with two terminals coming in and two leaving, exposed to various disturbances/stimuli/excitations. 

Two basically different kinds of cell arrangement can be distinguished those in which the dielectric filled section terminates the coaxial pulse generating and sampling line, and those in which this section is itself terminated by a further admittance. The former are usually simpler and more useful, but the latter can have advantages for some purposes. If the sample section is symmetrical with respect to interchange of its input and output connections, and is terminated by an arbitrary admittance yj, its input admittance is given from network theory by... 

As described above, the TAG functions to determine the time interval between the excitation pulse and the subsequent fluorescence photon arriving at the detector. The MCA consists of an ADC, a memory consisting of channels for storing data, and data input and output facilities. A standard instrument incorporates lower and upper discriminator levels and two modes of data collection pulse height analysis mode for displaying fluorescence decay profiles ( 1000 channels) and multichannel scaHng mode to bin the data into given time increments. Data are usually displayed on an oscilloscope or on a computer terminal. 

The BJT is a three electrode or triode electron device. When connected in a circuit it is usually operated as a two-port, or two-terminal, pair device as shown in Fig. 7.8. Therefore, one of the three electrodes of the BJT must be common to both the input and output ports. Thus, there are three basic BJT configurations, common emitter (CE), common base (CB), and common collector (CC), as shown in Fig. 7.8. The most often used configuration, especially for amplifiers, is the common-emitter (CE), although the other two configurations are used in some apphcations. 

FIGURE 7.57 For the nonsaturated Class C amplifier, input and load impedances seen by the transistor may be measured after its removal. The input and output ports must be terminated in the standard impedance for this static measurement. This figure also applies to the saturated Class G amplifier. 

Fiber optic connectors are devices that are installed (terminated) upon fiber ends to allow for the interconnection and remating of optical fibers. The ferrule of each connector houses the fiber and is the specific part of the connector ahgned in a connector pair. When two connectors are mated, the fiber endfaces are mechanically aligned and held in physical contact to achieve the requisite insertion loss and reflectance performance. The connector also allows the fiber to be easily mated into the input and output ports of transceivers. 

B. Effects of increasing extracellular a in the cuneate. Changes in presynaptic excitability and in the efficiency of synaptic transmission were measured by constant current stimulation via a third micro-electrode, attached near the ion-exchanger and reference electrodes. Direct stimulation of the afferent fibres near their terminals evokes antidromic responses in forelimb nerves (see R, Fig. 9) which provide an index of the number of fibres excited and thus of the excitability of the afferent terminals (Wall, 1958). At the same time, orthodromic trans-synaptic responses are evoked which can be recorded from the medial lemniscus (R2, Fig. 9). These antidromic and orthodromic responses thus represent the input and output of the cuneate, and therefore give an indication of the efficiency of synaptic transmission through the nucleus. 

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