Inorganic acids names

This chapter discusses pharmacologically and toxicologically relevant esters of inorganic acids, namely ... 

Salts of carboxylic acids are named in the same manner as are salts of inorganic acids Name the cation first and then the anion. Derive the name of the anion from the name of the carboxylic acid by dropping the suffix -ic acid and adding the suffix -ate. For example, the name of CH3CH2COO Na is sodium propanoate, and that of CH3(CH2)i4COO Na is sodium hexadecanoate (sodium palmitate). 

Anhydrides. Anhydrides of inorganic acids are named as oxides for example, N2O5, dinitrogen pentaoxide. 

Esters. Esters of inorganic acids are named as the salts for example, ( 113)2804, dimethyl sulfate. However, if it is desired to specify the constitution of the compound, the nomenclature for coordination compounds should be used. 

An inorganic acid has a formula that typically begins with H oxoacids have formulas that begin with H and end in O. We distinguish between binary hydrides, such as HX, which are not named as acids, and their aqueous solutions, HX(aq), which are. 

Most chemicals used in the procedure will appear in the index. Thus, there will generally be entries for all starting materials, reagents, intermediates, important by-products, and final products. Most products shown in the Tables in the discus.sion sections of this volume are included unless the compounds are quite similar in which case a general descriptive name was entered. Chemicals generally nut indexed included coiimion solvents, standard inorganic acids and bases, reactants shown in the Tables, and compounds cited in the discussion section in connection with other methods of preparation. 

Inorganic acids with a peroxide function are given the IUPAC name above, which distinguishes them from the organic peroxyacids. Collectively they are a group of very powerful oxidants, individual compounds being ... 

In previous chapters, we discussed the hydrolysis of a number of esters of A-(hydroxymethyl)phcnytoin, namely esters of organic acids (7V-acyloxy-methyl derivatives, Sect. 8.7.3) or inorganic acids (Sect. 9.3.2). Hydrolysis of these potential prodrugs released 3-(hydroxymethyl)phenytoin (11.45), whose breakdown to phenytoin and formaldehyde was also investigated per se [79], The latter reaction followed pseudo-first-order kinetics. At pH 7.4, the f1/2 values were 4.7 and 1.6 s at 25° and 37°, respectively. The tm values decreased tenfold for each increase of pH by one unit, which, together with the absence of any buffer catalysis, indicates catalysis by the HO- anion. 

Similar to inorganic acids, the reaction of carboxylic acids and bases produces carboxylic acid salts. Several of these salts are commonly used in foods and beverages as preservatives. The most common are salts from benzoic, propionic, and sorbic acids. The salts of these acids have names ending with ate, and can often be found in the list of ingredients of baked goods and fruit drinks. Several common preservatives are shown in Figure 15.11. 

As their name implies, carboxylic acids are acidic—they dissodate slightly in aqueous solution to give H30+ and a carboxylate anion. Carboxylic acids are much weaker than inorganic acids like HC1 or H2S04, however. The Ka of acetic add, for example, is 1.78 X 10-5 (pKa = 4.75), meaning that only about 1% of acetic acid molecules dissociate in a 1.0 M aqueous solution. Note in the following electrostatic potential map of acetic add that the acidic -OH hydrogen is positively polarized (blue). 

These catalysts were modified by adding non-volatile inorganic acids and their salts, namely orthophosphoric acid, boric acid, barium sulfate, sodium silicate, barium nitrate, and hydrofluoric acid. The additives were added to the finished catalyst by direct impregnation from solution. The presence of the additives did not alter the specific surface or the geometric structure of the final preparations. 

The nature of esters or ethereal salts has been fully discussed already in connection with the esters of inorganic acids and alcohols (p. 102). The name salts applies because they are formed by neutralizing an alcohol, acting as a base, with an acid. It must be emphasized, however, that in so terming these compounds salts we do not mean this to apply in a physical chemical sense as describing their properties in solution in accordance with the electrolytic theory of ionic dissociation. We are dealing here with questions of composition and constitution. Ethereal salts differ from metal salts, at least as to the degree of their dissociation into ions when in solution. 

The nomenclature of acids has a long tradition and it would be unrealistic to systematize acid names fully and alter drastically the commonly accepted names of important and well-known substances. However, there is no reason to provide trivial names which could htive a very limited use for newly prepared inorganic compounds. 

IR-1.5.3.2 Compositional nomenclature IR-1.5.3.3 Substitutive nomenclature IR-1.5.3.4 Additive nomenclature IR-1.5.3.5 General naming procedures IR-1.6 Changes to previous IUPAC recommendations IR-1.6.1 Names of cations IR-1.6.2 Names of anions IR-1.6.3 The element sequence of Table VI IR-1.6.4 Names of anionic ligands in (formal) coordination entities IR-1.6.5 Formulae for (formal) coordination entities IR-1.6.6 Additive names of polynuclear entities IR-1.6.7 Names of inorganic acids IR-1.6.8 Addition compounds IR-1.6.9 Miscellaneous... 

Additive nomenclature treats a compound or species as a combination of a central atom or central atoms with associated ligands. The particular additive system used for coordination compounds (see Chapter IR-9) is sometimes known as coordination nomenclature although it may be used for much wider classes of compounds, as demonstrated for inorganic acids (Chapter IR-8) and organometallic compounds (Chapter IR-10) and for a large number of simple molecules and ions named in Table IX. Another additive system is well suited for naming chains and rings (Section IR-7.4 see Example 6 below). 

The names of inorganic acids are dealt with separately in Chapter IR-8. 

The main principle, however, is to use additive nomenclature for deriving systematic names for inorganic acids. For example, the systematic name for dihydrogenphosphate, H2PO4-, is dihydroxidodioxidophosphate(l—). 

For a number of inorganic acids, used as functional parents in organic nomenclature, the parent names used are now consistently allowed in the present recommendations, although fully systematic additive names are also given in all cases in Chapter IR-8. Examples are phosphinous acid, bromic acid and peroxydisulfuric acid. (Some of these names were absent from Ref. 11.)... 

The anion in Example 12 may also be named as a derivative of phosphinothious acid, H2PSH, thus giving the name phosphinothioite . This type of name is used as the basis for naming organic derivatives of H2PSH. (See discussion of inorganic acids in Chapter IR-8.)... 

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