Inorganic acids common names

Similar to inorganic acids, the reaction of carboxylic acids and bases produces carboxylic acid salts. Several of these salts are commonly used in foods and beverages as preservatives. The most common are salts from benzoic, propionic, and sorbic acids. The salts of these acids have names ending with ate, and can often be found in the list of ingredients of baked goods and fruit drinks. Several common preservatives are shown in Figure 15.11. 

The chemical category of inorganic salts encompasses many substances that dissociate completely in water, but only one salt, sodium chloride, is referred to by the common name, salt. Sodium chloride is ubiquitous in both its occurrence and its many uses. To date, there are over 14,000 uses for salt.1 Salt is used as a feedstock for many chemicals including chlorine, caustic soda (sodium hydroxide), synthetic soda ash (sodium carbonate), sodium chlorate, sodium sulfate, and metallic sodium. By indirect methods, sodium chloride is also used to produce hydrochloric acid and many other sodium salts. In its natural mineral form, salt may take on some color from some of the trace elements and other salts present, however, pure sodium chloride is a white to colorless crystalline substance, fairly soluble in water.2 Also known as halite, the substance... 

Molecular compounds and ions commonly regarded as inorganic acids are treated no differently than other molecular species when constructing systematic names. 

All inorganic oxoacids for which a common name containing the word acid is still acceptable according to the present recommendations are listed in Table IR-8.1 together with additive names to illustrate how systematic names may be given. 

Nevertheless, in Table IR-8.2 several inorganic species are listed which can be regarded as derived from species in Table IR-8.1 by various replacement operations, and for which the common names are in fact derived by the above prefix method (e.g. thiosulfuric acid ). 

Substances are arranged in alphabetical order by the most common name, except that compounds such as hydrides, oxides, and acids are grouped with the parent element (the same ordering used in the table Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds ). 

Phosphoric acid INS No 338, FW 98 other chemical name orthophosphoric acid. Phosphoric acid is an inorganic acid, the second most common acidifier (after citric acid—60%) used iu the food industry—around 25% with its salts. All other acidifiers together account for 15% [9]. Phosphoric acid can be used in foods as an acidulant, sequestrant, and antioxidant synergist. The quantity used varies in a broad range of 1-20 g/kg (up to 2g/L in beverages). No ADI has been established for phosphoric acid, however the maximum tolerable daily intake (MTDI) from all sources is limited to 70mg/kg dw. 

For the most part in this book, we use common names for inorganic acids. For complete details of systematic nomenclature, including "hydrogen names (an alternative nomenclature for hydrogen-containing compounds and ions) and how to... 

A binary acid is an acid that contains only two different elements hydrogen and one of the more electronegative elements. Many common inorganic acids are binary acids. The hydrogen hahdes—HE, HCl, HBr, and HI—are all binary acids. Names for some binary acids are given in Figure 1.3. 

A few important substances that are routinely analyzed in a clinical laboratory with the aid of an Autoanalyzer are, namely serum-glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) creatine-phophokinase (CPK) alkaline-phosphatase (AP) belonging to the class of enzymes and a host of biochemical substances, for instance bilirubin, serum albumin, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), uric acid, creatinine, total protein, glucose, cholesterol, besides a few common inorganic ions, such as Cl, Ca2+, K+, Na+. 

Basilus Valentinus of Italy was first to isolate the acid and reported it under the name spiritus sabs in the fifteenth century. Glauber prepared this acid by the reaction of sulfuric acid with common salt in 1648. Lavoisier proposed the name muriatic acid in 1789 after muriate, the term referring to a chlorine-containing inorganic substance. Sir Humphrey Davy proved the gas was composed of only hydrogen and chlorine in 1810. Subsequently, the gas was named hydrogen chloride. 

Our discussion of pesticides has focused primarily on insecticides. In the United States the primary use of pesticides is in the form of herbicides, those pesticides used to control weeds. Approximately 70% of the pesticides used in the United States are herbicides and 20% are insecticides. The use and development of herbicides parallels that of insecticides. The first herbicides were inorganic metal compounds and salts. During World War II organic herbicides were synthesized and their use increased dramatically. One of the first major classes of herbicides synthesized in the mid-1940s was phenoxyaliphatic acids. As this name implies, the phenoxyaliphatic acids contain the benzene ring, oxygen, and an aliphatic acid. The two most common phenoxyaliphatic acids are 2,4 dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, called 2,4-D and 2,4,5 trichlorophenoxyacetic acid, known as 2,4,5-T (Figure 18.10). The numbers in these... 

The nomenclature of acids has a long tradition and it would be unrealistic to systematize add names fully and alter drastically the commonly accepted names of important and well-known substances. However, there is no reason to provide trivial names which could have a very limited use for newly prepared inorganic compounds. 

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