Innovation sources

Within the framework of commercial CFD codes where sequential solution methods are standard, as they need to solve a number of user-specified transport equations, the two potential equations must then be solved through innovative source term linearization. ... 

The most innovative source of energy for wet decomposition procedures is micro-waves. Because the heating takes place inside the decomposition mixture, microwave-assisted decomposition is more efficient than decomposition using... 

The circle of demand, investment and innovation (source adapted from Hughes, 2006). 

The well-characterized microorganisms represent only a small fraction of the microbial diversity in the environment. Natural microbial communities are considered an important and innovative source of new pharmacologically active molecules, novel molecular templates for combinatorial chemistry as well as of new biocatalysts. 

Innovation source Initial product concept Continuous improvement and... 

AM is innovative in that it fulfills an unmet clinical need with a human tissue-derived solution that does not introduce new materials into the human body. AM addresses a global health issue with an available source of human biomaterial. The product may provide an innovative source of human mesenchymal stem cells and their delivery for tissue regeneration. 

The R D function itself will be organized from company to company in very different ways. In some firms, the responsibiUty for innovation will be broadly shared and a distinct R D unit may cease to exist. In others, technical developments from an R D lab will be the principal source of innovation for the business. In still others, the primary task of the R D or technology group will be to obtain technology from outside the firm. Those involved in R D will need to make certain that their knowledge and talents impact the business irrespective of their precise function. The innovation process will become less linear (Fig. 8) as more feedback loops, technology transfer, and cooperative efforts are involved. 

E. von Hippel, The Sources of Innovation, Oxfoid Univeisity Piess, New Yoik, 1988. 

Pregniines. In 1944, Sarrett completed the first partial synthesis of cortisone (172). Like many of the early syntheses of corticosteroids, Sarrett began with the a bile acid, deoxychoHc acid (14). Because bile acids are isolated from animal sources, their supply is by necessity limited (173). Following these early syntheses, several improvements and innovations have resulted in a number of industrial syntheses of cortisol and other corticosteroids. 

Bubble Policy The bubble concept introduced under PSD provisions of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977 was formally proposed as EPA policy on Jan. 18, 1979, the final policy statement being issued on Dec. 11, 1979. The bubble pohcy allows a company to find the most efficient way to control a plant s emissions as a whole rather than by meeting individual point-source requirements. If it is found less expensive to tighten control of a pollutant at one point and relax controls at another, this woiild be possible as long as the total pollution from the plant woiild not exceed the sum of the current hmits on individual point sources of pollution in the plant. Properly apphed, this approach would promote greater economic efficiency and increased technological innovation. 

A relatively new innovation for use in electric motor compressor drives is the variable frequency power source. Fundamentally, the power source converts an existing three-phase source into DC then uses an inverter to convert back to a variable frequency supply. Thyristors or transistors are used to switch the output at the required frequency. 

The increase in the price of oil and natural gas motivates the chemical industry to develop processes that use alternative raw materials and to develop efficient and economical processes for liquid fuels synthesis from coal and natural gas. An innovative promising approach for producing gasoline from methane is presented in [5]. Other important tasks are development of efficient methods for producing liquid fuels from unconventional sources such as oil shale, tar sands, and deep-sea methane hydrates. 

---