Innovation knowledge

Chaudhuri, S. (2008) Indian Generic Companies, Affordability of Drugs and Local Production in Africa with Special Reference to Tanzania, Milton Keynes The Open University Research Centre on Innovation, Knowledge and Development, IKD Working Paper No. 37. 

Dinar Kale is Senior Lecturer in Innovation and International Development at the Open University, UK. He has researched and published extensively in the areas of technological innovation, knowledge transfer and international development. His work concerns the issues that help or hinder innovation and development of the health care industries from developing countries. 

The R D function itself will be organized from company to company in very different ways. In some firms, the responsibiUty for innovation will be broadly shared and a distinct R D unit may cease to exist. In others, technical developments from an R D lab will be the principal source of innovation for the business. In still others, the primary task of the R D or technology group will be to obtain technology from outside the firm. Those involved in R D will need to make certain that their knowledge and talents impact the business irrespective of their precise function. The innovation process will become less linear (Fig. 8) as more feedback loops, technology transfer, and cooperative efforts are involved. 

The value of knowledge-sharing with regard to, for example, innovation and the transfer of good practice. 

Chemists, biochemists, biotechnologists, and physicists now routinely use NMR spectroscopy as a powerful research tool. The effective application of ID and 2D NMR expteriments depends largely on the skill and innovation of the user. This book is intended to provide practical knowledge to research workers in the use of NMR spectroscopic techniques to elucidate the structure of organic molecules. Every attempt has been made to prevent the book from becoming too technical, and the underlying principles behind many of the experiments have been described nonmathematically. 

In this chapter, we have provided an overview of near-field imaging and spectroscopy of noble metal nanoparticles and assemblies. We have shown that plasmon-mode wavefunctions and enhanced optical fields of nanoparticle systems can be visualized. The basic knowledge about localized electric fields induced by the plasmons may lead to new innovative research areas beyond the conventional scope of materials. 

Polymer/additive analysis is a typical industrial analytical problem, and indeed not one of the easiest or least important ones. Requirements set to industrial analytical expertise vary from new analytical approaches for product innovation, to service-oriented problem solving (combination of analytical expertise and specific product knowledge), and cost-efficient analysis of a few grades (plant service) (Scheme 10.1). Reported prospects set the instrumental trends in the polymer industry (Table 10.17). For traditional quality laboratories this translates into ... 

Obviously, the scope of additive analysis for R D purposes (product innovation and understanding of additive performance), quality control, troubleshooting and competitor product analysis differ (Scheme 10.2). Product knowledge (see Sections 10.1 and 10.2) is particularly desirable for the latter two activities. 

In the early 1990s Drucker forecast the value of knowledge to business The basic economic resource— the means of production, to use the economist s term—is no longer capital, nor natural resources (the economist s land ), nor labor. It is and will be knowledge. Value is now created by productivity and innovation, both applications of knowledge to work [15],... 

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