Cadmium inhalation

H.-J. Klimisch, C. Gembardt, H.-P. Gelbke Lung Deposition and Clearance, Lung Pathology and Renal Accumulation of Inhaled Cadmium Chloride and Cadmium Sulfide in Rat, BASF, Ludwigshafen 1991. 

Cadmium is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract whereas absorption from the respiratory tract appears to be more complete cigarette smokers may absorb 10 to 40% of inhaled cadmium. 5... 

Low levels of cadmium cause nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Inhaled, cadmium dust causes dryness of the throat, choking, headache, and pneumonia-like symptoms. 

Klimisch HJ (1993) Lung deposition, lung clearance and renal accumulation of inhaled cadmium chloride and cadmium sulphide in rats. Toxicology 84(1-3) 103-124... 

Disposition of inhaled cadmium oxide aerosol in the rat. Inhalation Toxicol 6 379-393, 1994. 

Ingested or inhaled cadmium is toxic to virtually every system in the animal body. Dietary concentrations of 5 mg kg feed DM are always associated with adverse health, but levels as low as 1 mg kg feed DM have undesirable effects. A dietary cadmium concentration of 0.5 mg kg feed DM is the maximum tolerable level suggested for domestic animals (Anonymous 1980). 

Oberdorster G, Cherian mg and Baggs RB (1994) Importance of spedes differences in experimental pulmonary cardnogenidty of inhaled cadmium for extrapolation to humans. Toxicol Lett 72 339-343. 

Barrett HM, Irwin DA and Semmons E (1947) Studies on the toxicity of inhaled cadmium. I. The acute toxicity of cadmium oxide by inhalation. J Ind Hyg Xoxicol 29 279 - 285. 

Hadley JG, Conklin AW and Sanders CL (1979) Systemic toxicity of inhaled cadmium oxide. Toxicol Lett 4 107-111. 

In the case of oral intake, these include nausea, vomiting, salivation, diarrhea, and abdominal cramps the vomitus and diarrhea often are bloody. In the short term, inhaled cadmium is more toxic. Signs and symptoms, which appear within a few hours, include irritation of the respiratory tract with severe, early pneumonitis, chest pains, nausea, dizziness, and diarrhea. Toxicity may progress to fatal pulmonary edema or residual emphysema with peribronchial and perivascular fibrosis. 

Neubert D, Merker HJ, Nau H, Langman J (1978) Role of pharmacokinetics in prenatal and perinatal toxicology. Georg Thieme Publishers, Stuttgart Prigge E (1978) Inhalative cadmium effects in pregnant and fetal rats. Toxicology 10 297... 

Cadmium and inorganic compounds of cadmium in air (X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy) Chromium and inorganic compounds of chromium in air (atomic absorption spectrometry) Chromium and inorganic compounds of chromium in air (X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy) General methods for samphng and gravimetric analysis of respirable and inhalable dust Carbon disulphide in air... 

Oberdorster G. 1992. Pulmonary deposition, clearance and effects of inhaled soluble and insoluble cadmium compounds. In Nordberg GF, Herber RFM, Alessio L, eds. Cadmium in the human environment Toxicity and carcinogenicity. Lyon International Agency for Research on Cancer,... 

To protect humans and other mammals, proposed air-quality criteria range from 0.01 to less than 1.0 mg/m3 for metallic nickel and slightly soluble nickel compounds, 0.015-0.5 mg/m3 for water soluble nickel compounds, and 0.005 to 0.7 mg/m3 for nickel carbonyl (Table 6.10). Inhalation of nickel subsulfide concentrations (0.11 to 1.8 mg Ni/m3) near the current threshold limit value of 1 mg Ni/m3 can produce detrimental changes in the respiratory tract of rats after only a few days of exposure (Benson et al. 1995). Additional animal studies are recommended to identify minimally effective inhalation exposure levels for the various nickel compounds (USPHS 1993). Continued monitoring of nickel refining, nickel-cadmium battery manufacture, and nickel powder metallurgy installations is recommended because ambient air levels of bioavailable nickel at these... 

Cadmium tungstate (CdWO ) is used in fluorescent paint, X-ray screens, and scintillation counters and as a catalyst. It is very toxic when inhaled. 

Cadmium powder, dust, and fumes are all flammable and toxic if inhaled or ingested. Cadmium and many of its compounds are carcinogenic. 

Inhalation exposure to high levels of cadmium fumes or dust is intensely irritating to respiratory tissue. Particle size appears to be a more important determinant of toxicity than... 

Oldiges H, Hochrainer D, Glaser U Longterm inhalation study with Wistar rats and four cadmium compounds. Toxicol Environ Chem 19 217-222, 1989... 

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