Infusion apparatus

Michaels and Ruebner [9] reported two cases of patients whose temperatures rose dramatically while receiving intravenous therapy and then settled normally when the infusion apparatus was taken down. These authors attributed these reactions to in-use contamination of giving sets left in place over several days and over several changes of bottles of infusion fluid. 

Figure 5.33 Top schematic diagram of the post-column infusion apparatus introduced to establish the time dependence of ionization suppression and other matrix effects in LC/MS analyses. Extracts of blank matrix or of pure mobile phase are injected into the HPLC and a standard solution of pure analyte is infused post-column while the mass spectrometer is set to continuously monitor the signal specific for the analyte.

There are various ways to classify today s infusion devices based upon their functionality, driving mechanism, size, or ability to be disconnected periodically from the infusion apparatus. In order to simplify the classification, we have chosen to differentiate only between stationary and portable devices. Stationary devices are used for patients who remain in bed during the treatment, either at home or in a hospital environment. In general, these devices are large, programmable systems that remain near the bedside and require close supervision by medical personnel. Portable infusion pumps, on the other hand, are used by patients who can freely move during then-therapy. They include implantable and externally worn pumps, which range from somewhat bulky forms to small and concealable devices as shown in Fig.l. 

Various syringe pipettes with standardised stroke, operated by pressing a knob, have become commercially available in connection with quantitative clinical chemical analysis in the pi domain (Firm 53). Contmuous infusion apparatus with small syringe pipettes (Firm 27) can be used to apply aqueous solutions in the form of very small start points to several chromatograms simultaneously [441]. Morgan [456] has described an easily constructable device (Firm 136) for simultaneous spot application of 19 different solutions or for band application of a single sample. 

Braun, B., 3508 Melsungen, W. Germany (Continuous infusion apparatus). 

Figure 1. Schematic of the chemical infusion apparatus used for infusion of moisture sensitive additives such as titanium (IV) isopropoxide.

In faulty biliary functioning and general liver sluggishness. Tonic properties particularly applicable to the digestive apparatus. Dose, two tablespoonfuls of the 1 ounce to 1 pint boiling water infusion. 

Intravenous soluble (neutral) insulin is used in diabetic ketoacidosis. It may be given intermittently (i.v. or i.m.) but continous infusion is preferred. If the insulin is infused by drip in physiological saline (40 units/I) as much as 60-80% can be lost due to binding to the fluid container and tubing. It is necessary to take this into account in dosing. Polygeline (Haemaccel) may be added to bind the insulin in competition with the apparatus and so carry it into the body. 

Other ISO technical committees that relate to quality in healthcare include (1) TC 48— Laboratory Glassware and Related Apparatus (2) TC 76—Transfusion, Infusion, and Injection Equipment for Medical Use (3) TC 176—Quahty Management and Quality Assurance and (4) TC 210—... 

FIGURE 6 Fifteenth-Century Alchemical Apparatus. These were also used for the distillation of spirits and herbal infusions. From a fifteenth-century English MS. (Sloane MS 3548, f. 25, by permission of the British... 

The most simple extraction processes employed may be classified as follows extraction with organic solvents percolation, maceration, and extraction using a Soxhlet apparatus and extraction with water infusion, decoction, and steam distillation. 

Apparatus and Procedures. Citrobacter freundii B-0652 was employed in our experiments. The bacteria were cultured under aerobic conditions at 37°C for 5 h in 1000 ml of the heart infusion broth (pH 7.0). The cells were centrifuged at 5°C and 8000 and washed three times with deionized water. About 4.2 g of wet cells were obtained from the broth. 

The device was maintained at 37 °C, and de-ionized water at the same temperature was infused with an infusion pump (Model 2000 IW, Harvard Apparatus Co., USA), the flow rate of which was adjustable over a wide range. The pump activated a 5-mL syringe cormected to the device via polyethylene tubing. 

Fig. 12. Effect of CAP on sperm development. (A) Normal zygote 12 hours after mating. Central (9 + 2) microtubulus apparatus (<—), 9 protein columns (X), and surrounding mitochondria (M). 1 46,750. (B) Sperm tails (I) and sperm middle parts (II) from a rat testis after a continuous infusion of the animal with CAP (1 gm/kg per day) through the tail vein for 24 hours. Pronounced swelling and loss of cristae of the mitochondria (X). 1 42,500.

Turn on the switch of the Harvard apparatus and start the infusion pump to get the flow to stabilize before injection. 

Harvard infusion pump (Harvard Apparatus, South Natick, MA)... 

An API-Ill triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer (or the single-quadrupole counterpart) with articulated, pneumatically assisted nebulizer atmospheric ionization is available from Perkin-Elmer Sciex Instruments. Any mass spectrometer equipped with an electrospray ionization source capable of LC/MS analysis can be substituted however, some potentials and flows may need to be adjusted for another instrument. A Harvard Apparatus 22 syringe pump is used for sample infusion with 25- 1 Hamilton blunt-tipped (SNR) syringes. 

What type of equipment is needed in the pharmacy or preparation facility depends on the type of products to be prepared or manufactured, the required production capacity and the batch size. The choice of apparatus discussed in this chapter is arbitrary. Larger apparatus and installations such as large stainless steel autoclavable mixing tanks are intentionally not discussed, neither are infusion fluid production lines, filling lines for injection vials, syringes and ampoule machines. Larger machines usually consist of many components assembled on client specifications, resulting in many variations. 

The methyl pentenes were introduced into the apparatus by means of an infusion pump or through calibrated rotameters. Diluents were introduced in the same manner as the liquid hydrocarbons described above. Rotameter systems were employed for the introduction of gases. 

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