Information centralization

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The information centrality IQ is based on the information that can be transmitted between any two vertices in a connected network [Stephenson and Zelen, 1989]. It is defined as follows ... 

Organization Informal Centralized and Decentralized and Line staff and Matrix of teams... 

Table 7.3 shows the specific features of each variable. Among the 5 senders, three of them belong to the economic dimension (subsidies to hiorefinety, competition between food/nonfood crops, availability of biomass from spontaneous species), while the others belong to the territorial dimension (public information, geographic dispersion of biomass sources). The most important variable in terms of centrality is public information (centrality 6). subsidies for biorefineiy, competition between food/nonfood crops and geographic dispersion of biomass sources are equally important (centrality ... 

In centralized system, a single agency has authority to coordinate the relief effort (Dolinskaya et al. 2011). In this setting, tasks are usually executed in a command mode, where the central agency controls the logistical resources, gathers information centrally, and makes decisions for aU organizations involved in relief. 

Retailers such as Gap also use information centralization effectively. If a store does not have the size or color that a customer wants, store employees can use their information system to inform the customer of the closest store with the product in inventory. Customers can then either go to this store or have the product delivered to their house. Gap thus uses information centtal-ization to virtually aggregate inventory across all retail stores even though the inventory is physically separated. This allows Gap to reduce the amount of safety inventory it carries while providing a high level of product availability. 

In this case, Walmart uses information centralization with a responsive transportation system to reduce the amount of safety inventory carried while providing a high level of product availabihty. 

Inference engine The inference engine represents the central problem-solving subsystem. It contains strategies for using the information contained in the... 

Consider, for example, the data in Table 4.1 for the mass of a penny. Reporting only the mean is insufficient because it fails to indicate the uncertainty in measuring a penny s mass. Including the standard deviation, or other measure of spread, provides the necessary information about the uncertainty in measuring mass. Nevertheless, the central tendency and spread together do not provide a definitive statement about a penny s true mass. If you are not convinced that this is true, ask yourself how obtaining the mass of an additional penny will change the mean and standard deviation. 

Movement of information in a computer could be likened to a railway system. Carriers of information (bits or bytes) move together (like a train and wagons) from one location to another along electronic tracks. It is important that no two bits of information are mixed up, and therefore all the moves must be carefully synchronized with a clock. This situation resembles the movement of trains on a railway many trains use the same track but are not all in the same place at the same time. The railways run to a timetable. Similarly, information is moved around the computer under the control of the central processor unit (CPU). 

A computer must communicate with a variety of peripheral devices (keyboard, mouse, printer, mass spectrometer). A central processing unit (CPU) controls the flow of information to each, rather like a choreographer directing complicated dance routines. 

The first step in the procedure is to define the purpose, objectives, and scope of the study. The more precisely this is done, the more focused and relevant the committee discussions can be. The next step is to collect all relevant information on the process under consideration. This includes flow diagrams, process equipment specifications, nominal flows, etc. The procedure is highly dependent on the reflabiUty of this information. Efforts expended here are worthwhile. Many committees use the flow sheet as the central stmcture to organize thek discussions. 

A development in the 1960s was that of on-line elemental analysis of slurries using x-ray fluorescence. These have become the industry standard. Both in-stream probes and centralized analyzers are available. The latter is used in large-scale operations. The success of the analyzer depends on how representative the sample is and how accurate the caUbration standards are. Neutron activation analyzers are also available (45,51). These are especially suitable for light element analysis. On-stream analyzers are used extensively in base metal flotation plants as well as in coal plants for ash analysis. Although elemental analysis provides important data, it does not provide information on mineral composition which is most cmcial for all separation processes. Devices that can give mineral composition are under development. 

J. J. Bartel, H. J. Rack, R. W. Mar, S. L. Robinson, E. P. Gersde, Jr., and K. B. Wischmann, 1. Molten Salt and Eiquid Metal, Sandia Eaboratories Materials Fast Group Keview of Advanced Central Eeceiver Preliminary Designs, Sept. 1979, SAND 79-8633, available from National Technical Information Service, Washington, D.C. 

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