Influence, directive

The entrance of a third or fourth substituent can be predicted by Beilstein s rule. If a substituent Z- enters into a compound C H XY, both X and Y exert an influence, but the group with the predominant influence directs Z- to the position it will occupy. Since all meta-directing groups are deactivating, it follows that ortho—para activating groups predominate when one of them is present on the benzene ring. 

Allelopathy is defined as biochemical interactions between one plant or microorganism (alga, bacteria, or virus) and another plant through the production of chemical compounds - secondary metabolites (allelochemicals), which influence, direct or indirect, harmful or beneficial, plant growth and development (Rice 1984). Allelochemicals are present in almost all plants and in many tissues, like leaves, stems, flowers, fruits, seeds, roots, or pollen and may be released from plants into the environment by volatilization, leaching, root exudation, and decomposition of plant residues (Chou 1990). 

The normal range of variation of each Hp type is remarkable. It is wider than what is usually found for substances of biological importance and is of the magnitude generally found for substances in transport. From the wide range of variation it is reasonable to assume that no such feedback mechanism exists and that the rate of Hp synthesis is influenced, directly or indirectly, by the plasma level. 

Here, the focus is on the primary value-creating activities influencing directly the bottom line of the company. Different to Porter,... 

As mentioned in the Introduction, various authors have been influenced (directly or indirectly) by the Kurz approach in their discussions of enzyme behaviour (e.g. Wolfenden, 1972 Lienhard, 1973 Jencks, 1975 Schowen, 1978 Fersht, 1985 Kraut, 1988 Wolfenden and Kati, 1991). Also, as noted earlier, the concepts of transition state binding and stabilization were crucial to the development of transition state analogues as enzyme inhibitors and hence as chemotherapeutic agents (Jencks, 1969 Wolfenden, 1972 Wolfenden and Frick, 1987 Wolfenden and Kati, 1991). 

Specific repressors can exert their influence directly or indirectly. Indirect repression is, for example, if a repressor protein competes with transcriptional activators for the binding site on the promoter. The extent of repression is then determined by the relative affinity of both proteins to the DNA element and their concentration ratios. The DNA-bound repressor in this case does not act as a transcriptional activator. 

Bioavailability can be influenced directly or indirectly by many physiological, pathological, chemical, nutritional, and processing conditions. Discussion in this chapter will be limited to unit food processing effects upon the bioavailability of nutrients from plant protein foods. The bioavailability of amino acids, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins and minerals from processed foods will be selectively reviewed. Amino Acids... 

A selective and reactive oxidizing agent. Will epoxidize a,3-unsaturated carbonyl compounds. In epoxidation reactions, there is a strong steric influence directing the facial selectivity ... 

There is no evidence that the valence of inorganic tin is influenced directly by microbial processes (Cooney 1988). It has been established that inorganic tin can be transformed into organometallic... 

Many variations are possible for each section of the HyS cycle (Brecher, 1977) the temperatures and other operating conditions can be optimised, with a wide variety of solutions in matter of chemical engineering to perform unit operations and to exchange heat. Each section is strongly dependant on the other, meaning that an output may be the input of the next section. Any change in one section may influence directly the whole process. 

It has since been assumed that this is the therapeutic action of tricyclic antidepressants, which are sometimes referred to as monoamine reuptake inhibitors or MARIs. However the exact significance of this reuptake process is unknown, especially as the tricyclic antidepressants have numerous other actions and influence, directly or indirectly, almost all neurotransmitters, many neuropeptides and most hormones (Khan 1999). Further studies of reuptake by heart muscle preparations showed that chlorpromazine was a stronger reuptake inhibitor than imipramine and not all the tricyclic antidepressants had this action (Lahti Maickel 1971). In addition, it has not been possible to demonstrate that reuptake inhibition is actually correlated with increased availability or activity of noradrenalin or serotonin. In fact most evidence suggests that tricyclic drugs reduce levels of noradrenalin (Frazer Mendels 1977 Heydorn, Frazer, Mendels 1980 Schildkraut, Winokur, Applegate 1970). 

Construction considerations influence directly the economics of any paving procedure. Introduction of a new paving material or method will... 

As Fig. 5b (Li et ai, 1984) shows, there is no intermediate solids hopper as for type A, and the solids rate device is used only for measurement rather than for control. In operation, solids circulation rate is determined essentially by gas velocity. Therefore, gas velocity and solids circulation rate could not be adjusted independently. Solids circulation rate follows what an operating velocity produces at whatever solids inventory the system was initially filled with. Owing to the absence of an intermediate hopper, the initial solids inventory could influence directly axial voidage profile, that is, the position of the inflection point changes with the initial solids inventory in the system. 

In this equation, p and Vs influence directly the flow characteristics of the filtering water. Since S determines the value of Vs, it also influences directly the flow characteristics of the fluid. All the other factors in the equation are inherent characteristics of the cake. AU these cake characteristics may be lumped up into a single term. Call this term as the specific cake resistance a. Hence, in terms of the specific cake resistance, dp is... 

Electrode surface characteristics represent an important aspect in the construction of sensitive DNA electrochemical biosensors for rapid detection of DNA interaction and damage. A critical issue in the development of a DNA-electrochemical biosensor is the sensor material and the degree of surface coverage that influences directly the sensor response. 

It is the purpose of this book to review current knowledge of the major biological processes which are involved in these geochemical cycles and which influence, directly or indirectly, the formation, dissolution and transformation of minerals. 

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